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<title>S2-005 - Apache Struts 2 Wiki - Apache Software Foundation</title>
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<h2 id="S2005-Summary">Summary</h2>
<p>
<p class="conf-macro output-inline" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="excerpt">XWork ParameterInterceptors bypass allows remote command execution</p>
<div class="table-wrap"><table class="confluenceTable"><tbody>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Who should read this</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p>All Struts 2 developers</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Impact of vulnerability</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p>Remote server context manipulation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Maximum security rating</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p>Critical</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Recommendation</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p>Developers should immediately upgrade to <a href="download.html#struts221" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">Struts 2.2.1</a> or read the following solution instructions carefully for a configuration change to mitigate the vulnerability</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Affected Software</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p> Struts 2.0.0 - Struts 2.1.8.1 </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Original JIRA Ticket</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p> <a href="javascript:;" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">WW-3470</a>, <a href="javascript:;" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">XW-641</a> </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Reporter</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p> Meder Kydyraliev, Google Security Team </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>CVE Identifier</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p><a href="javascript:;" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">CVE-2010-1870</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Original Description</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p> <a href="javascript:;" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">http://blog.o0o.nu/2010/07/cve-2010-1870-struts2xwork-remote.html</a> </p></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="S2005-Problem">Problem</h2>
<p>OGNL provides, among other features, extensive expression evaluation capabilities (<a class="external-link" href="javascript:;" rel="nofollow">http://www.ognl.org/2.6.9/Documentation/html/LanguageGuide/expressionEvaluation.html</a>). The vulnerability allows a malicious user to bypass the '#'-usage protection built into the ParametersInterceptor, thus being able to manipulate server side context objects. </p>
<p>This behavior was already addressed in <a href="s2-003.html">S2-003</a>, but it turned out that the resulting fix based on whitelisting acceptable parameter names closed the vulnerability only partially. At least the following context objects are still accessible:</p>
<ul>
<li>#context - OgnlContext, the one guarding method execution based on 'xwork.MethodAccessor.denyMethodExecution' property value.</li>
<li>#_memberAccess - SecurityMemberAccess, whose 'allowStaticAccess' field prevented static method execution.</li>
<li>#root</li>
<li>#this</li>
<li>#_typeResolver</li>
<li>#_classResolver</li>
<li>#_traceEvaluations</li>
<li>#_lastEvaluation</li>
<li>#_keepLastEvaluation</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="S2005-Solution">Solution</h2>
<p>As of XWork 2.2.1, now being an integral part of the Struts 2.2.1 release, the ParameterInterceptor was changed to provide a very strict whitelist mechanism for acceptable, non malicious parameter names. Therefore parameters other than simple property navigation paths will be ignored.</p>
<div class="confluence-information-macro confluence-information-macro-warning conf-macro output-block" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="warning"><span class="aui-icon aui-icon-small aui-iconfont-error confluence-information-macro-icon"> </span><div class="confluence-information-macro-body">
<p><strong>It is strongly recommended to upgrade to <a href="download.html#struts221" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">Struts 2.2.1</a>, which contains the corrected XWork library.</strong></p></div></div>
<p>In case an upgrade isn't possible in a particular environment, there is a configuration based mitigation workaround:</p>
<h3 id="S2005-PossibleMitigationWorkaround:ConfigureParametersIntercptorinstruts.xmltoExcludeMaliciousParameters">Possible Mitigation Workaround: Configure ParametersIntercptor in struts.xml to Exclude Malicious Parameters</h3>
<p>The following additional interceptor-ref configuration, suggested by <a href="javascript:;" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">John Wilander</a>, should mitigate the problem when applied correctly:</p>
<div class="code panel pdl conf-macro output-block" style="border-width: 1px;" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="code"><div class="codeContent panelContent pdl">
<pre class="syntaxhighlighter-pre" data-syntaxhighlighter-params="brush: java; gutter: false; theme: Default" data-theme="Default">
<interceptor-ref name="params">
<param name="excludeParams">dojo\..*,^struts\..*,.*\\.*,.*\(.*,.*\).*,.*@.*</param>
</interceptor-ref>
</pre>
</div></div>
<div class="confluence-information-macro confluence-information-macro-note conf-macro output-block" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="note"><span class="aui-icon aui-icon-small aui-iconfont-warning confluence-information-macro-icon"> </span><div class="confluence-information-macro-body">
<p>For this configuration to work correctly, it has to be applied to <strong>any params interceptor ref in any stack an application is using</strong>.<br>
E.g., if an application is configured to use defaultStack as well as paramsPrepareParamsStack, you should copy both stack definitions from struts-default.xml to the application's struts.xml config file and apply the described excludeParams configuration for each params interceptor ref, that is <strong>once for defaultStack and twice for paramsPrepareParamsStack</strong></p></div></div>
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