diff --git a/Project/AboutForm.cpp b/Project/AboutForm.cpp index 619c6c15..2fea1ecd 100644 --- a/Project/AboutForm.cpp +++ b/Project/AboutForm.cpp @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ AboutForm::~AboutForm() {} void AboutForm::Init() { // Set program version. Format: (Alpha/Beta/Release) (YEAR)w(WEEK)(a/b/c/...) - m_staticTextVersion->SetLabel("2020w28a-beta"); + m_staticTextVersion->SetLabel("2020w31a-beta"); // Create developers table m_gridCredits->EnableGridLines(false); diff --git a/Project/MainFrame.cpp b/Project/MainFrame.cpp index 1a9c9a97..178e2ebb 100644 --- a/Project/MainFrame.cpp +++ b/Project/MainFrame.cpp @@ -387,7 +387,10 @@ void MainFrame::OnOpenClick(wxRibbonButtonBarEvent& event) } } -void MainFrame::OnPSPGuideClick(wxRibbonButtonBarEvent& event) {} +void MainFrame::OnPSPGuideClick(wxRibbonButtonBarEvent& event) +{ + wxLaunchDefaultBrowser("https://thales1330.github.io/PSP/docs/"); +} void MainFrame::OnPasteClick(wxRibbonButtonBarEvent& event) {} void MainFrame::OnPowerFlowClick(wxRibbonButtonBarEvent& event) { @@ -459,8 +462,10 @@ void MainFrame::OnAddElementsClick(wxCommandEvent& event) if (workspace) { if (workspace->GetWorkspaceMode() != Workspace::WorkspaceMode::MODE_INSERT) { auto elementList = workspace->GetElementList(); + auto textList = workspace->GetTextList(); wxString statusBarText = ""; bool newElement = false; + bool isText = false; switch (event.GetId()) { case ID_ADDMENU_BUS: { @@ -541,10 +546,21 @@ void MainFrame::OnAddElementsClick(wxCommandEvent& event) statusBarText = _("Insert Synchronous Condenser: Click on a buses, ESC to cancel."); newElement = true; } break; + case ID_ADDMENU_TEXT: { + Text* newText = new Text(); + textList.push_back(newText); + statusBarText = _("Insert Text: Click to insert, ESC to cancel."); + newElement = true; + isText = true; + } break; } if (newElement) { workspace->SetElementList(elementList); - workspace->SetWorkspaceMode(Workspace::WorkspaceMode::MODE_INSERT); + workspace->SetTextList(textList); + if(!isText) + workspace->SetWorkspaceMode(Workspace::WorkspaceMode::MODE_INSERT); + else + workspace->SetWorkspaceMode(Workspace::WorkspaceMode::MODE_INSERT_TEXT); workspace->SetStatusBarText(statusBarText); workspace->Redraw(); } diff 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",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"podem")," auxiliar na converg\xeancia, por\xe9m aumentam o n\xfamero de itera\xe7\xf5es e consequentemente o tempo de processamento do m\xe9todo."))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Essa op\xe7\xe3o \xe9 habilitada somente para o m\xe9todo de ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerFlow#newton-raphson"}),"Newton-Raphson"),"."),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"toler\xe2ncia-do-gauss"},"Toler\xe2ncia do Gauss"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Define a toler\xe2ncia do Gauss-Seidel para o m\xe9todo h\xedbrido. 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Ao clicar na parte inferior do bot\xe3o "Executar Estabilidade" ser\xe1 exibido um menu suspenso com a op\xe7\xe3o ',Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Lista de eventos de estabilidade"),"."),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(r.a)("images/menuSimulationStability.svg"),alt:"Menu Simula\xe7\xe3o",title:"Menu Simula\xe7\xe3o"}))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Ao executar o c\xe1lculo de estabilidade, uma caixa com o status do processo de simula\xe7\xe3o ser\xe1 exibida, indicando primeiramente a inicializa\xe7\xe3o do estudo e posteriormente o tempo de simula\xe7\xe3o calculado."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Ao clicar na lista de eventos de estabilidade, ser\xe1 exibida uma janela com a descri\xe7\xe3o dos eventos de estabilidade inseridos."),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(r.a)("images/stabList.png"),alt:"Lista de eventos de estabilidade",title:"Lista de eventos de estabilidade"}))),Object(m.b)("h3",{id:"inserindo-um-evento-de-estabilidade"},"Inserindo um evento de estabilidade"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Os dist\xfarbios mais comuns aplicados em estudos de estabilidade transit\xf3ria s\xe3o faltas e chaveamentos. Tais opera\xe7\xf5es s\xe3o facilmente realizadas no PSP-UFU:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Faltas"),": Curtos-circuitos trif\xe1sicos podem ser inseridos nos ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"bus"}),"barramentos")," do sistema por meio da inclus\xe3o da imped\xe2ncia de falta na matriz admit\xe2ncia de barras da mesma maneira realizada em um elemento ",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"shunt"),". Tal valor \xe9 definido pelo usu\xe1rio e caso seja um curto-circuito franco, um valor n\xe3o nulo, mas suficientemente pr\xf3ximo de zero, \xe9 aplicado, de forma que a tens\xe3o no barramento \xe9 levada a zero durante o dist\xfarbio.")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Chaveamento de ramo"),": Da mesma forma que as faltas, o chaveamento de ramos \xe9 realizado por meio da altera\xe7\xe3o na matriz admit\xe2ncia, removendo ou inserindo os par\xe2metros do elemento a ser chaveado.\nCada ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"elemento de pot\xeancia"),' possui um bot\xe3o de "Chaveamento" ou "Estabilidade", em que pode ser inserido os tempos de remo\xe7\xe3o e/ou inser\xe7\xe3o do componente.')),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Chaveamento de m\xe1quinas"),": A remo\xe7\xe3o de uma m\xe1quina s\xedncrona \xe9 efetivada com a retirada de sua participa\xe7\xe3o no vetor de correntes, al\xe9m da remo\xe7\xe3o de sua admit\xe2ncia fict\xedcia.\nAssim como os ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"elementos de pot\xeancia"),", as ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator"}),"m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas"),' possui um bot\xe3o "Chaveamento", em que pode ser inserido os tempos de remo\xe7\xe3o e/ou inser\xe7\xe3o do componente.'),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"}),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Mesmo que removida da barra, os par\xe2metros das ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator"}),"m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas")," continuam a ser calculados com a corrente do estator nula, podendo fornecer resultados em uma eventual reconex\xe3o."))))),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"})))),"Dica")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Eventos nos ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"sistemas de controle")," podem ser facilmente introduzidos com o bloco de ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mathExpression"}),"express\xe3o matem\xe1tica"),". Nesse caso, tais eventos ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"n\xe3o")," ser\xe3o exibidos na lista de eventos de estabilidade."))),Object(m.b)("h3",{id:"erros-comuns-na-execu\xe7\xe3o-do-estudo-de-estabilidade"},"Erros comuns na execu\xe7\xe3o do estudo de estabilidade"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"A seguir s\xe3o apresentados os erros mais comuns relacionados ao estudo de estabilidade."),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-n\xe3o-foi-poss\xedvel-construir-a-matriz-admit\xe2ncia"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "N\xe3o foi poss\xedvel construir a matriz admit\xe2ncia"'),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando n\xe3o \xe9 poss\xedvel construir a matriz admit\xe2ncia de barras. As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros do circuito est\xe3o incorretos"),". Caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o dos elementos el\xe9tricos sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum barramento est\xe1 isolado"),". Esse erro \xe9 bastante comum e pode ocorrer ao inserir um barramento sem conect\xe1-lo ao sistema ou ao remover os elementos de ramo que conectam uma barra ao sistema. A solu\xe7\xe3o \xe9 eliminar essa barra do diagrama."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum elemento possui par\xe2metros discrepantes dos demais"),". Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de imped\xe2ncia muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com imped\xe2ncia muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar \xe0 diverg\xeancia do m\xe9todo num\xe9rico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representa\xe7\xe3o desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos de solu\xe7\xe3o dispon\xedveis.")),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-os-valores-de-satura\xe7\xe3o-do"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "Erro ao inicializar os valores de satura\xe7\xe3o do..."'),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando n\xe3o \xe9 poss\xedvel calcular os fatores de satura\xe7\xe3o da ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator"}),"m\xe1quina s\xedncrona"),". As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O fator de satura\xe7\xe3o \xe9 menor que 1,2"),". Esse valor deve ser maior que 1,2, ou ir\xe1 gerar erros na simula\xe7\xe3o. Caso n\xe3o seja informado, a satura\xe7\xe3o da m\xe1quina n\xe3o \xe9 considerada nos c\xe1lculos."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona est\xe3o incorretos"),". Caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o das m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo dos fatores de satura\xe7\xe3o pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente.")),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-o-avr--regulador-de-velocidade"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "Erro ao inicializar o AVR / regulador de velocidade..."'),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando n\xe3o \xe9 poss\xedvel ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"controlEditor#inicializa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-do-sistema-de-controle"}),"inicializar o sistema de controle")," de uma ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator"}),"m\xe1quina s\xedncrona"),". As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O sistema de controle est\xe1 vazio"),". Caso esteja habilitado o AVR e/ou o regulador de velocidade e o controle n\xe3o foi inserido, esse erro pode ser acionado. Insira o controle da m\xe1quina ou desmarque a op\xe7\xe3o de utiliza\xe7\xe3o do AVR e/ou regulador de velocidade."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O sistema de controle n\xe3o possui ao menos uma entrada e uma sa\xedda"),". O sistema de controle deve ter ao menos uma ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"io"}),"entrada e uma sa\xedda"),", caso contr\xe1rio apresentar\xe1 erro de execu\xe7\xe3o."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O passo de integra\xe7\xe3o est\xe1 muito pequeno"),". Caso o passo de integra\xe7\xe3o esteja muito pequeno, os c\xe1lculos gerar\xe3o erros e ir\xe3o divergir. Reduza o passo de integra\xe7\xe3o nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),".")),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-imposs\xedvel-resolver-as-m\xe1quinas-do-sistema"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "Imposs\xedvel resolver as m\xe1quinas do sistema"'),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando n\xe3o \xe9 poss\xedvel resolver as EADs das m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas inseridas no sistemas. As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona est\xe3o incorretos"),". Caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o das m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo das EADs pode se tornar imposs\xedvel. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O passo de integra\xe7\xe3o est\xe1 muito pequeno"),". Caso o passo de integra\xe7\xe3o esteja muito pequeno, os c\xe1lculos gerar\xe3o erros e ir\xe3o divergir. Reduza o passo de integra\xe7\xe3o nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),"."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros do circuito est\xe3o incorretos"),". Caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o dos elementos el\xe9tricos sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum barramento est\xe1 isolado"),". Esse erro \xe9 bastante comum e pode ocorrer ao inserir um barramento sem conect\xe1-lo ao sistema ou ao remover os elementos de ramo que conectam uma barra ao sistema. A solu\xe7\xe3o \xe9 eliminar essa barra do diagrama."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum elemento possui par\xe2metros discrepantes dos demais"),". Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de imped\xe2ncia muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com imped\xe2ncia muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar \xe0 diverg\xeancia do m\xe9todo num\xe9rico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representa\xe7\xe3o desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos de solu\xe7\xe3o dispon\xedveis.")),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-o-escorregamento-do-motor"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "Erro ao inicializar o escorregamento do motor..."'),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando n\xe3o \xe9 poss\xedvel calcular o valor de escorregamento inicial do motor de indu\xe7\xe3o. As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros de estabilidade do motor est\xe3o incorretos"),". Caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o dos motores de indu\xe7\xe3o sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo do escorregamento pode se tornar imposs\xedvel. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente.")),Object(m.b)("h2",{id:"estrutura-da-ferramenta-de-estabilidade"},"Estrutura da ferramenta de estabilidade"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"A estabilidade de um SEP \xe9 um problema din\xe2mico e necessita de modelos mais elaborados de elementos de pot\xeancia comparados \xe0queles apresentados nos outros estudos. Esses modelos s\xe3o descritos individualmente, com destaque \xe0s ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator#gerador-s%C3%ADncrono-no-estudo-de-estabilidade"}),"m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas"),", ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"load#carga-no-estudo-de-estabilidade"}),"cargas ZIP")," e ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"indMotor#motor-de-indu%C3%A7%C3%A3o-trif%C3%A1sico-no-estudo-de-estabilidade"}),"motores de indu\xe7\xe3o"),"."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"A representa\xe7\xe3o dos demais componentes do sistema el\xe9trico: ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"line"}),"linhas de transmiss\xe3o"),", ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"transformer"}),"transformadores")," e elementos ",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"shunt")," (com exce\xe7\xe3o de cargas ZIP), que formam a rede de transmiss\xe3o ou distribui\xe7\xe3o balanceada, \xe9 realizada utilizando os mesmos modelos do ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerFlow"}),"fluxo de carga"),"."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Os modelos din\xe2micos para a an\xe1lise no dom\xednio do tempo s\xe3o na forma de um sistema de equa\xe7\xf5es alg\xe9brico-diferenciais (EADs), descritas a seguir:"),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"math 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Os m\xe9todos expl\xedcitos, devido \xe0 sua formula\xe7\xe3o, calculam diretamente o estado do sistema em um instante de tempo posterior, enquanto m\xe9todos impl\xedcitos envolvem estados atuais e posteriores em suas equa\xe7\xf5es, exigindo, portanto, um processo iterativo."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"As constantes de tempo presentes no estudo de estabilidade t\xeam uma grande varia\xe7\xe3o em seu valor (podem variar de ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"1"),Object(m.b)("msup",{parentName:"mrow"},Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"msup"},"0"),Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"msup"},Object(m.b)("mo",{parentName:"mrow"},"\u2212"),Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"3"))),Object(m.b)("mtext",{parentName:"mrow"},"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"s")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"10^{-3}~s")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8141079999999999em",verticalAlign:"0em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"1"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"msupsub"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-t"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141079999999999em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-3.063em",marginRight:"0.05em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mtight"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mtight"}),"\u2212"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mtight"}),"3"))))))))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mspace nobreak"}),"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"s")))))," a ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"10"),Object(m.b)("mtext",{parentName:"mrow"},"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"s")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"10~s")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.64444em",verticalAlign:"0em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"1"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mspace nobreak"}),"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"s"))))),"). Isso torna o sistema de equa\xe7\xf5es diferenciais da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona como um sistema r\xedgido (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"em"},{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff_equation"}),"stiff equation")),"). Caso a an\xe1lise da estabilidade num\xe9rica tanto das equa\xe7\xf5es diferenciais r\xedgidas quanto do m\xe9todo de integra\xe7\xe3o obtenham o mesmo comportamento, o m\xe9todo \xe9 chamado de absolutamente est\xe1vel, ou A-est\xe1vel."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"M\xe9todos de integra\xe7\xe3o num\xe9rica expl\xedcitos, como por exemplo o ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta_methods"}),"Runge-Kutta")," de quarta ordem, n\xe3o podem ser A-est\xe1veis e, portanto, normalmente possuem comportamento ruim em problemas com equa\xe7\xf5es diferenciais r\xedgidas. Por outro lado, m\xe9todos impl\xedcitos podem ser A-est\xe1veis. Um m\xe9todo impl\xedcito adequado para solu\xe7\xe3o do comportamento din\xe2mico de sistemas el\xe9tricos \xe9 o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Trapezoidal Impl\xedcito"),", por possuir as seguintes vantagens:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"\xc9 numericamente est\xe1vel (A-est\xe1vel);"),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"\xc9 bastante r\xe1pida;"),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Possui boa precis\xe3o (dependendo somente do passo de integra\xe7\xe3o utilizado).")),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Tal m\xe9todo foi implementado no PSP-UFU tanto para solu\xe7\xe3o das equa\xe7\xf5es diferenciais da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona quanto nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"transferFunction"}),"fun\xe7\xf5es transfer\xeancia")," do ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"controlEditor"}),"sistema de controle"),". 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AIEE Transactions, v. 48, n. 3, jul 1929. doi: ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1929.5055275"}),"https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1929.5055275")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"ANDERSON, P. M.; FOUAD, A. A. Power System Control and Stability. Wiley-IEEE Press, New York, 2002. doi: ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470545577"}),"https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470545577")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"SAUER, P. W.; PAI, M. A. Power System Dynamics and Stability. Pretience Hall, Upper Saddle River, 1998."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"KUNDUR, P. Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"DOMMEL, H. W.; SATO, N. Fast Transient Stability Solutions. IEEE Transactions on Power Aparatus and Systems, v. 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Outro estudo \xe9 denominado ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"estabilidade din\xe2mica"),", utilizado para descrever a resposta do sistema frente a pequenas perturba\xe7\xf5es ao longo de muito tempo, o qual pode ser resolvido tanto no dom\xednio da frequ\xeancia quanto no dom\xednio do tempo."),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"Informa\xe7\xe3o")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"No PSP-UFU, a estabilidade din\xe2mica \xe9 tratada como uma extens\xe3o da estabilidade transit\xf3ria, em que os efeitos de pequenas constantes de tempo devem ser ignorados."))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"O modelo para representa\xe7\xe3o do SEP em um estudo de estabilidade transit\xf3ria \xe9 feito por meio do sistema de equa\xe7\xf5es alg\xe9brico-diferenciais (EADs), em que o estado inicial \xe9 considerado est\xe1vel e originado de um estudo de ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerFlow"}),"fluxo de carga"),". 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Em contrapartida, caso as vari\xe1veis de estado dos elementos do sistema oscilem ap\xf3s uma perturba\xe7\xe3o e se estabele\xe7am em um novo ponto de opera\xe7\xe3o, mesmo que distinto dos valores iniciais, o sistema \xe9 considerado ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"est\xe1vel"),"."),Object(m.b)("h2",{id:"execu\xe7\xe3o-do-estudo-de-estabilidade-no-psp-ufu"},"Execu\xe7\xe3o do estudo de estabilidade no PSP-UFU"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Ap\xf3s a constru\xe7\xe3o do diagrama unifilar no ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"editor de pot\xeancia"),", assim como os ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"controlEditor"}),"controles")," das ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator"}),"m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas"),", a execu\xe7\xe3o da estabilidade \xe9 realizada no ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"menu Simula\xe7\xe3o")," clicando no \xedcone do bot\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Executar Estabilidade"),'. Ao clicar na parte inferior do bot\xe3o "Executar Estabilidade" ser\xe1 exibido um menu suspenso com a op\xe7\xe3o ',Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Lista de eventos de estabilidade"),"."),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(r.a)("images/menuSimulationStability.svg"),alt:"Menu Simula\xe7\xe3o",title:"Menu Simula\xe7\xe3o"}))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Ao executar o c\xe1lculo de estabilidade, uma caixa com o status do processo de simula\xe7\xe3o ser\xe1 exibida, indicando primeiramente a inicializa\xe7\xe3o do estudo e posteriormente o tempo de simula\xe7\xe3o calculado."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Ao clicar na lista de eventos de estabilidade, ser\xe1 exibida uma janela com a descri\xe7\xe3o dos eventos de estabilidade inseridos."),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(r.a)("images/stabList.png"),alt:"Lista de eventos de estabilidade",title:"Lista de eventos de estabilidade"}))),Object(m.b)("h3",{id:"inserindo-um-evento-de-estabilidade"},"Inserindo um evento de estabilidade"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Os dist\xfarbios mais comuns aplicados em estudos de estabilidade transit\xf3ria s\xe3o faltas e chaveamentos. Tais opera\xe7\xf5es s\xe3o facilmente realizadas no PSP-UFU:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Faltas"),": Curtos-circuitos trif\xe1sicos podem ser inseridos nos ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"bus"}),"barramentos")," do sistema por meio da inclus\xe3o da imped\xe2ncia de falta na matriz admit\xe2ncia de barras da mesma maneira realizada em um elemento ",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"shunt"),". Tal valor \xe9 definido pelo usu\xe1rio e caso seja um curto-circuito franco, um valor n\xe3o nulo, mas suficientemente pr\xf3ximo de zero, \xe9 aplicado, de forma que a tens\xe3o no barramento \xe9 levada a zero durante o dist\xfarbio.")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Chaveamento de ramo"),": Da mesma forma que as faltas, o chaveamento de ramos \xe9 realizado por meio da altera\xe7\xe3o na matriz admit\xe2ncia, removendo ou inserindo os par\xe2metros do elemento a ser chaveado.\nCada ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"elemento de pot\xeancia"),' possui um bot\xe3o de "Chaveamento" ou "Estabilidade", em que pode ser inserido os tempos de remo\xe7\xe3o e/ou inser\xe7\xe3o do componente.')),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Chaveamento de m\xe1quinas"),": A remo\xe7\xe3o de uma m\xe1quina s\xedncrona \xe9 efetivada com a retirada de sua participa\xe7\xe3o no vetor de correntes, al\xe9m da remo\xe7\xe3o de sua admit\xe2ncia fict\xedcia.\nAssim como os ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"elementos de pot\xeancia"),", as ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator"}),"m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas"),' possui um bot\xe3o "Chaveamento", em que pode ser inserido os tempos de remo\xe7\xe3o e/ou inser\xe7\xe3o do componente.'),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"}),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Mesmo que removida da barra, os par\xe2metros das ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator"}),"m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas")," continuam a ser calculados com a corrente do estator nula, podendo fornecer resultados em uma eventual reconex\xe3o."))))),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"})))),"Dica")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Eventos nos ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"sistemas de controle")," podem ser facilmente introduzidos com o bloco de ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mathExpression"}),"express\xe3o matem\xe1tica"),". Nesse caso, tais eventos ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"n\xe3o")," ser\xe3o exibidos na lista de eventos de estabilidade."))),Object(m.b)("h3",{id:"erros-comuns-na-execu\xe7\xe3o-do-estudo-de-estabilidade"},"Erros comuns na execu\xe7\xe3o do estudo de estabilidade"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"A seguir s\xe3o apresentados os erros mais comuns relacionados ao estudo de estabilidade."),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-n\xe3o-foi-poss\xedvel-construir-a-matriz-admit\xe2ncia"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "N\xe3o foi poss\xedvel construir a matriz admit\xe2ncia"'),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando n\xe3o \xe9 poss\xedvel construir a matriz admit\xe2ncia de barras. As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros do circuito est\xe3o incorretos"),". Caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o dos elementos el\xe9tricos sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum barramento est\xe1 isolado"),". Esse erro \xe9 bastante comum e pode ocorrer ao inserir um barramento sem conect\xe1-lo ao sistema ou ao remover os elementos de ramo que conectam uma barra ao sistema. A solu\xe7\xe3o \xe9 eliminar essa barra do diagrama."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum elemento possui par\xe2metros discrepantes dos demais"),". Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de imped\xe2ncia muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com imped\xe2ncia muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar \xe0 diverg\xeancia do m\xe9todo num\xe9rico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representa\xe7\xe3o desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos de solu\xe7\xe3o dispon\xedveis.")),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-os-valores-de-satura\xe7\xe3o-do"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "Erro ao inicializar os valores de satura\xe7\xe3o do..."'),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando n\xe3o \xe9 poss\xedvel calcular os fatores de satura\xe7\xe3o da ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator"}),"m\xe1quina s\xedncrona"),". As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O fator de satura\xe7\xe3o \xe9 menor que 1,2"),". Esse valor deve ser maior que 1,2, ou ir\xe1 gerar erros na simula\xe7\xe3o. Caso n\xe3o seja informado, a satura\xe7\xe3o da m\xe1quina n\xe3o \xe9 considerada nos c\xe1lculos."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona est\xe3o incorretos"),". Caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o das m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo dos fatores de satura\xe7\xe3o pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente.")),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-o-avr--regulador-de-velocidade"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "Erro ao inicializar o AVR / regulador de velocidade..."'),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando n\xe3o \xe9 poss\xedvel ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"controlEditor#inicializa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-do-sistema-de-controle"}),"inicializar o sistema de controle")," de uma ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator"}),"m\xe1quina s\xedncrona"),". As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O sistema de controle est\xe1 vazio"),". Caso esteja habilitado o AVR e/ou o regulador de velocidade e o controle n\xe3o foi inserido, esse erro pode ser acionado. Insira o controle da m\xe1quina ou desmarque a op\xe7\xe3o de utiliza\xe7\xe3o do AVR e/ou regulador de velocidade."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O sistema de controle n\xe3o possui ao menos uma entrada e uma sa\xedda"),". O sistema de controle deve ter ao menos uma ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"io"}),"entrada e uma sa\xedda"),", caso contr\xe1rio apresentar\xe1 erro de execu\xe7\xe3o."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O passo de integra\xe7\xe3o est\xe1 muito pequeno"),". Caso o passo de integra\xe7\xe3o esteja muito pequeno, os c\xe1lculos gerar\xe3o erros e ir\xe3o divergir. Reduza o passo de integra\xe7\xe3o nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),".")),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-imposs\xedvel-resolver-as-m\xe1quinas-do-sistema"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "Imposs\xedvel resolver as m\xe1quinas do sistema"'),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando n\xe3o \xe9 poss\xedvel resolver as EADs das m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas inseridas no sistemas. As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona est\xe3o incorretos"),". Caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o das m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo das EADs pode se tornar imposs\xedvel. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O passo de integra\xe7\xe3o est\xe1 muito pequeno"),". Caso o passo de integra\xe7\xe3o esteja muito pequeno, os c\xe1lculos gerar\xe3o erros e ir\xe3o divergir. Reduza o passo de integra\xe7\xe3o nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),"."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros do circuito est\xe3o incorretos"),". Caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o dos elementos el\xe9tricos sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum barramento est\xe1 isolado"),". Esse erro \xe9 bastante comum e pode ocorrer ao inserir um barramento sem conect\xe1-lo ao sistema ou ao remover os elementos de ramo que conectam uma barra ao sistema. A solu\xe7\xe3o \xe9 eliminar essa barra do diagrama."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum elemento possui par\xe2metros discrepantes dos demais"),". Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de imped\xe2ncia muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com imped\xe2ncia muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar \xe0 diverg\xeancia do m\xe9todo num\xe9rico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representa\xe7\xe3o desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos de solu\xe7\xe3o dispon\xedveis.")),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-erro-ao-inicializar-o-escorregamento-do-motor"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "Erro ao inicializar o escorregamento do motor..."'),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando n\xe3o \xe9 poss\xedvel calcular o valor de escorregamento inicial do motor de indu\xe7\xe3o. As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros de estabilidade do motor est\xe3o incorretos"),". Caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o dos motores de indu\xe7\xe3o sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo do escorregamento pode se tornar imposs\xedvel. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente.")),Object(m.b)("h2",{id:"estrutura-da-ferramenta-de-estabilidade"},"Estrutura da ferramenta de estabilidade"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"A estabilidade de um SEP \xe9 um problema din\xe2mico e necessita de modelos mais elaborados de elementos de pot\xeancia comparados \xe0queles apresentados nos outros estudos. Esses modelos s\xe3o descritos individualmente, com destaque \xe0s ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator#gerador-s%C3%ADncrono-no-estudo-de-estabilidade"}),"m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas"),", ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"load#carga-no-estudo-de-estabilidade"}),"cargas ZIP")," e ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"indMotor#motor-de-indu%C3%A7%C3%A3o-trif%C3%A1sico-no-estudo-de-estabilidade"}),"motores de indu\xe7\xe3o"),"."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"A representa\xe7\xe3o dos demais componentes do sistema el\xe9trico: ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"line"}),"linhas de transmiss\xe3o"),", ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"transformer"}),"transformadores")," e elementos ",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"shunt")," (com exce\xe7\xe3o de cargas ZIP), que formam a rede de transmiss\xe3o ou distribui\xe7\xe3o balanceada, \xe9 realizada utilizando os mesmos modelos do ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerFlow"}),"fluxo de carga"),"."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Os modelos din\xe2micos para a an\xe1lise no dom\xednio do tempo s\xe3o na forma de um sistema de equa\xe7\xf5es alg\xe9brico-diferenciais (EADs), descritas a seguir:"),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"math 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estado"),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"y")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"y")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.625em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord 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permanecem constantes durante todo o processo de c\xe1lculo. Para o problema de estabilidade, as vari\xe1veis alg\xe9bricas iniciais correspondem \xe0s tens\xf5es e \xe2ngulos das barras calculadas no ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerFlow"}),"fluxo de carga"),". As vari\xe1veis de estado iniciais s\xe3o estimadas ap\xf3s a converg\xeancia do fluxo de pot\xeancia (inicializa\xe7\xe3o dos elementos din\xe2micos)."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Na sequ\xeancia \xe9 apresentado, na forma de fluxogramas, a estrutura do m\xf3dulo de estabilidade implementado no PSP-UFU. O fluxograma abaixo mostra a estrutura geral da ferramenta de estabilidade."),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(r.a)("images/stabGeneral.svg"),alt:"Estrutura geral da ferramenta de estabilidade",title:"Estrutura geral da ferramenta de estabilidade"}))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"A inicializa\xe7\xe3o da rede el\xe9trica e dos elementos din\xe2micos, assim como o precesso iterativo para solu\xe7\xe3o das EADs s\xe3o apresentados nos dois fluxogramas conseguintes."),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(r.a)("images/stabInit.svg"),alt:"Inicializa\xe7\xe3o da ferramenta de estabilidade",title:"Inicializa\xe7\xe3o da ferramenta de estabilidade"}))),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(r.a)("images/stabIterative.svg"),alt:"Processo iterativo para c\xe1lculo dos elementos din\xe2micos",title:"Estrutura geral da ferramenta de estabilidade"}))),Object(m.b)("h3",{id:"integra\xe7\xe3o-num\xe9rica"},"Integra\xe7\xe3o num\xe9rica"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Para resolver as equa\xe7\xf5es diferenciais da m\xe1quina \xe9 necess\xe1rio um m\xe9todo de integra\xe7\xe3o num\xe9rica. Tais m\xe9todos s\xe3o classificados em dois grupos: m\xe9todos expl\xedcitos e m\xe9todos impl\xedcitos. Os m\xe9todos expl\xedcitos, devido \xe0 sua formula\xe7\xe3o, calculam diretamente o estado do sistema em um instante de tempo posterior, enquanto m\xe9todos impl\xedcitos envolvem estados atuais e posteriores em suas equa\xe7\xf5es, exigindo, portanto, um processo iterativo."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"As constantes de tempo presentes no estudo de estabilidade t\xeam uma grande varia\xe7\xe3o em seu valor (podem variar de ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"1"),Object(m.b)("msup",{parentName:"mrow"},Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"msup"},"0"),Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"msup"},Object(m.b)("mo",{parentName:"mrow"},"\u2212"),Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"3"))),Object(m.b)("mtext",{parentName:"mrow"},"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"s")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"10^{-3}~s")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8141079999999999em",verticalAlign:"0em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"1"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"msupsub"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-t"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141079999999999em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-3.063em",marginRight:"0.05em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mtight"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mtight"}),"\u2212"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mtight"}),"3"))))))))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mspace nobreak"}),"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"s")))))," a ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"10"),Object(m.b)("mtext",{parentName:"mrow"},"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"s")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"10~s")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.64444em",verticalAlign:"0em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"1"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mspace nobreak"}),"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"s"))))),"). Isso torna o sistema de equa\xe7\xf5es diferenciais da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona como um sistema r\xedgido (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"em"},{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff_equation"}),"stiff equation")),"). Caso a an\xe1lise da estabilidade num\xe9rica tanto das equa\xe7\xf5es diferenciais r\xedgidas quanto do m\xe9todo de integra\xe7\xe3o obtenham o mesmo comportamento, o m\xe9todo \xe9 chamado de absolutamente est\xe1vel, ou A-est\xe1vel."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"M\xe9todos de integra\xe7\xe3o num\xe9rica expl\xedcitos, como por exemplo o ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta_methods"}),"Runge-Kutta")," de quarta ordem, n\xe3o podem ser A-est\xe1veis e, portanto, normalmente possuem comportamento ruim em problemas com equa\xe7\xf5es diferenciais r\xedgidas. Por outro lado, m\xe9todos impl\xedcitos podem ser A-est\xe1veis. Um m\xe9todo impl\xedcito adequado para solu\xe7\xe3o do comportamento din\xe2mico de sistemas el\xe9tricos \xe9 o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Trapezoidal Impl\xedcito"),", por possuir as seguintes vantagens:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"\xc9 numericamente est\xe1vel (A-est\xe1vel);"),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"\xc9 bastante r\xe1pida;"),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Possui boa precis\xe3o (dependendo somente do passo de integra\xe7\xe3o utilizado).")),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Tal m\xe9todo foi implementado no PSP-UFU tanto para solu\xe7\xe3o das equa\xe7\xf5es diferenciais da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona quanto nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"transferFunction"}),"fun\xe7\xf5es transfer\xeancia")," do ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"controlEditor"}),"sistema de controle"),". 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AIEE Transactions, v. 48, n. 3, jul 1929. doi: ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1929.5055275"}),"https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1929.5055275")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"ANDERSON, P. M.; FOUAD, A. A. Power System Control and Stability. Wiley-IEEE Press, New York, 2002. doi: ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470545577"}),"https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470545577")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"SAUER, P. W.; PAI, M. A. Power System Dynamics and Stability. Pretience Hall, Upper Saddle River, 1998."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"KUNDUR, P. Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"DOMMEL, H. W.; SATO, N. Fast Transient Stability Solutions. IEEE Transactions on Power Aparatus and Systems, v. 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O valor retornado varia de ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(b.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(b.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(b.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(b.b)("mo",{parentName:"mrow"},"\u2212"),Object(b.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"\u03c0")),Object(b.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"-\\pi")))),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.66666em",verticalAlign:"-0.08333em"}})),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"\u2212"),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.03588em"}}),"\u03c0")))))," a ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(b.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(b.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(b.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(b.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"\u03c0")),Object(b.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"\\pi")))),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.43056em",verticalAlign:"0em"}})),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.03588em"}}),"\u03c0"))))),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"atanh(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Mesmo que ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"atan()"),", mas para tangente hiperb\xf3lica.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"cbrt(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Raiz c\xfabica de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"conj(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Conjugado complexo de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"ceil(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Teto de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Arredonda para o pr\xf3ximo maior inteiro.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"cos(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Cosseno de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Retorna o \xe2ngulo em radianos.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"cosh(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Mesmo que ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"cos()"),", mas para cosseno hiperb\xf3lico")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"cot(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Cotangente de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Retorna o \xe2ngulo em radianos.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"csc(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Cossecante de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Retorna o \xe2ngulo em radianos.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"exp(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Exponencial de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Retorna o valor de e elevado a pot\xeancia A.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"exp2(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Exponencial de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A")," na base ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(b.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(b.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(b.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(b.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"2")),Object(b.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"2")))),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.64444em",verticalAlign:"0em"}})),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"2"))))),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"floor(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Piso de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Arredonda para o pr\xf3ximo menor inteiro.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"hypot(A,B)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Fun\xe7\xe3o de dist\xe2ncia Euclidiana.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"if(A,B,C)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Se ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"int(A)")," \xe9 diferente de ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math 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",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"C"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"imag(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Retorna a parte imagin\xe1ria do n\xfamero complexo ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"int(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Arredonda ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A")," para o inteiro mais pr\xf3ximo.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"log(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Logaritmo natural (base ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math 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",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"log10(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Logaritmo na base ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math 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A.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"max(A,B)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Se ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A>B"),", o resultado \xe9 ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),", sen\xe3o \xe9 ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"B"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"min(A,B)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Se ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A := ; \n")),Object(b.b)("p",null,"Por exemplo:"),Object(b.b)("pre",null,Object(b.b)("code",Object(n.a)({parentName:"pre"},{className:"language-cpp"}),"comprimento := sqrt(x*x+y*y); 2*comprimento*sin(comprimento)\n")),Object(b.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"},Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(b.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(b.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(b.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"})))),"Dica")),Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(b.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O caractere de espa\xe7o e de nova linha s\xe3o ignorados na interpreta\xe7\xe3o da express\xe3o, portanto para maior organiza\xe7\xe3o, o c\xf3digo anterior pode ser escrito da seguinte forma:"),Object(b.b)("pre",{parentName:"div"},Object(b.b)("code",Object(n.a)({parentName:"pre"},{className:"language-cpp"}),"comprimento := sqrt(x*x+y*y);\n2*comprimento*sin(comprimento)\n")))),Object(b.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(b.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(b.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(b.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado!")),Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(b.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Note que a express\xe3o que determina o valor de sa\xedda do bloco ",Object(b.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"n\xe3o possui")," o caractere ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},";")," em seu final."))),Object(b.b)("h2",{id:"formul\xe1rio-de-edi\xe7\xe3o-de-dados-do-bloco-de-express\xe3o-matem\xe1tica"},"Formul\xe1rio de edi\xe7\xe3o de dados do bloco de Express\xe3o Matem\xe1tica"),Object(b.b)("p",null,"O formul\xe1rio de inser\xe7\xe3o e edi\xe7\xe3o das entradas do bloco e da express\xe3o matem\xe1tica gen\xe9rica, assim como ferramentas de aux\xedlio de sua constru\xe7\xe3o \xe9 apresentado na figura abaixo."),Object(b.b)("div",null,Object(b.b)("center",null,Object(b.b)("img",{src:Object(m.a)("images/mathExpressionForm.png"),alt:"Formul\xe1rio de edi\xe7\xe3o de dados do bloco de express\xe3o matem\xe1tica no PSP-UFU",title:"Formul\xe1rio de edi\xe7\xe3o de dados do bloco de express\xe3o matem\xe1tica no PSP-UFU"}))),Object(b.b)("p",null,"No campo de \u201cVari\xe1veis de entrada\u201d \xe9 inserida uma lista com os nomes das entradas separados por espa\xe7os. 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A sintaxe da express\xe3o inserida pelo usu\xe1rio possui realce (por meio de diferentes formas e cores da fonte) para n\xfameros, operadores, vari\xe1veis de entrada, fun\xe7\xf5es e constantes, facilitando a cria\xe7\xe3o, manipula\xe7\xe3o e identifica\xe7\xe3o de erros de digita\xe7\xe3o e l\xf3gica."),Object(b.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(b.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(b.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(b.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"Informa\xe7\xe3o")),Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(b.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Como ferramenta de aux\xedlio ao usu\xe1rio foi desenvolvida uma verifica\xe7\xe3o da express\xe3o inserida."))),Object(b.b)("p",null,"Tal ferramenta ir\xe1 encontrar erros e indicar\xe1 ao usu\xe1rio qual o tipo do erro, al\xe9m da sua localiza\xe7\xe3o, destacando-o. 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O valor retornado varia de ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(b.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(b.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(b.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(b.b)("mo",{parentName:"mrow"},"\u2212"),Object(b.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"\u03c0")),Object(b.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"-\\pi")))),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.66666em",verticalAlign:"-0.08333em"}})),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"\u2212"),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.03588em"}}),"\u03c0")))))," a ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(b.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(b.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(b.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(b.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"\u03c0")),Object(b.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"\\pi")))),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.43056em",verticalAlign:"0em"}})),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.03588em"}}),"\u03c0"))))),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"atanh(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Mesmo que ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"atan()"),", mas para tangente hiperb\xf3lica.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"cbrt(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Raiz c\xfabica de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"conj(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Conjugado complexo de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"ceil(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Teto de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Arredonda para o pr\xf3ximo maior inteiro.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"cos(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Cosseno de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Retorna o \xe2ngulo em radianos.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"cosh(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Mesmo que ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"cos()"),", mas para cosseno hiperb\xf3lico")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"cot(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Cotangente de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Retorna o \xe2ngulo em radianos.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"csc(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Cossecante de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Retorna o \xe2ngulo em radianos.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"exp(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Exponencial de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Retorna o valor de e elevado a pot\xeancia A.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"exp2(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Exponencial de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A")," na base ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(b.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(b.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(b.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(b.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"2")),Object(b.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"2")))),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.64444em",verticalAlign:"0em"}})),Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"2"))))),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"floor(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Piso de ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),". Arredonda para o pr\xf3ximo menor inteiro.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"hypot(A,B)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Fun\xe7\xe3o de dist\xe2ncia Euclidiana.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"if(A,B,C)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Se ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"int(A)")," \xe9 diferente de ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math 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",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"C"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"imag(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Retorna a parte imagin\xe1ria do n\xfamero complexo ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"int(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Arredonda ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A")," para o inteiro mais pr\xf3ximo.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"log(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Logaritmo natural (base ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math 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",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"log10(A)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Logaritmo na base ",Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"td"},{className:"math 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A.")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"max(A,B)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Se ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A>B"),", o resultado \xe9 ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A"),", sen\xe3o \xe9 ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"B"),".")),Object(b.b)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"min(A,B)")),Object(b.b)("td",Object(n.a)({parentName:"tr"},{align:null}),"Se ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"A := ; \n")),Object(b.b)("p",null,"Por exemplo:"),Object(b.b)("pre",null,Object(b.b)("code",Object(n.a)({parentName:"pre"},{className:"language-cpp"}),"comprimento := sqrt(x*x+y*y); 2*comprimento*sin(comprimento)\n")),Object(b.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"},Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(b.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(b.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(b.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"})))),"Dica")),Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(b.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O caractere de espa\xe7o e de nova linha s\xe3o ignorados na interpreta\xe7\xe3o da express\xe3o, portanto para maior organiza\xe7\xe3o, o c\xf3digo anterior pode ser escrito da seguinte forma:"),Object(b.b)("pre",{parentName:"div"},Object(b.b)("code",Object(n.a)({parentName:"pre"},{className:"language-cpp"}),"comprimento := sqrt(x*x+y*y);\n2*comprimento*sin(comprimento)\n")))),Object(b.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(b.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(b.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(b.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado!")),Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(b.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Note que a express\xe3o que determina o valor de sa\xedda do bloco ",Object(b.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"n\xe3o possui")," o caractere ",Object(b.b)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},";")," em seu final."))),Object(b.b)("h2",{id:"formul\xe1rio-de-edi\xe7\xe3o-de-dados-do-bloco-de-express\xe3o-matem\xe1tica"},"Formul\xe1rio de edi\xe7\xe3o de dados do bloco de Express\xe3o Matem\xe1tica"),Object(b.b)("p",null,"O formul\xe1rio de inser\xe7\xe3o e edi\xe7\xe3o das entradas do bloco e da express\xe3o matem\xe1tica gen\xe9rica, assim como ferramentas de aux\xedlio de sua constru\xe7\xe3o \xe9 apresentado na figura abaixo."),Object(b.b)("div",null,Object(b.b)("center",null,Object(b.b)("img",{src:Object(m.a)("images/mathExpressionForm.png"),alt:"Formul\xe1rio de edi\xe7\xe3o de dados do bloco de express\xe3o matem\xe1tica no PSP-UFU",title:"Formul\xe1rio de edi\xe7\xe3o de dados do bloco de express\xe3o matem\xe1tica no PSP-UFU"}))),Object(b.b)("p",null,"No campo de \u201cVari\xe1veis de entrada\u201d \xe9 inserida uma lista com os nomes das entradas separados por espa\xe7os. 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A sintaxe da express\xe3o inserida pelo usu\xe1rio possui realce (por meio de diferentes formas e cores da fonte) para n\xfameros, operadores, vari\xe1veis de entrada, fun\xe7\xf5es e constantes, facilitando a cria\xe7\xe3o, manipula\xe7\xe3o e identifica\xe7\xe3o de erros de digita\xe7\xe3o e l\xf3gica."),Object(b.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(b.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(b.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(b.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(b.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"Informa\xe7\xe3o")),Object(b.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(b.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Como ferramenta de aux\xedlio ao usu\xe1rio foi desenvolvida uma verifica\xe7\xe3o da express\xe3o inserida."))),Object(b.b)("p",null,"Tal ferramenta ir\xe1 encontrar erros e indicar\xe1 ao usu\xe1rio qual o tipo do erro, al\xe9m da sua localiza\xe7\xe3o, destacando-o. 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It is probably an error, if it is really what you want, you should first clear the tags with clearTags method."):e.tagRefinements.length>0&&n.tagFilters?new Error("[Tags] Cannot switch from the advanced tag API to the managed API. It is probably an error, if it is not, you should first clear the tags with clearTags method."):e.numericFilters&&n.numericRefinements&&o(n.numericRefinements)?new Error("[Numeric filters] Can't switch from the advanced to the managed API. It is probably an error, if this is really what you want, you have to first clear the numeric filters."):o(e.numericRefinements)&&n.numericFilters?new Error("[Numeric filters] Can't switch from the managed API to the advanced. It is probably an error, if this is really what you want, you have to first clear the numeric filters."):null},l.prototype={constructor:l,clearRefinements:function(e){var t={numericRefinements:this._clearNumericRefinements(e),facetsRefinements:f.clearRefinement(this.facetsRefinements,e,"conjunctiveFacet"),facetsExcludes:f.clearRefinement(this.facetsExcludes,e,"exclude"),disjunctiveFacetsRefinements:f.clearRefinement(this.disjunctiveFacetsRefinements,e,"disjunctiveFacet"),hierarchicalFacetsRefinements:f.clearRefinement(this.hierarchicalFacetsRefinements,e,"hierarchicalFacet")};return t.numericRefinements===this.numericRefinements&&t.facetsRefinements===this.facetsRefinements&&t.facetsExcludes===this.facetsExcludes&&t.disjunctiveFacetsRefinements===this.disjunctiveFacetsRefinements&&t.hierarchicalFacetsRefinements===this.hierarchicalFacetsRefinements?this:this.setQueryParameters(t)},clearTags:function(){return void 0===this.tagFilters&&0===this.tagRefinements.length?this:this.setQueryParameters({tagFilters:void 0,tagRefinements:[]})},setIndex:function(e){return e===this.index?this:this.setQueryParameters({index:e})},setQuery:function(e){return e===this.query?this:this.setQueryParameters({query:e})},setPage:function(e){return e===this.page?this:this.setQueryParameters({page:e})},setFacets:function(e){return this.setQueryParameters({facets:e})},setDisjunctiveFacets:function(e){return this.setQueryParameters({disjunctiveFacets:e})},setHitsPerPage:function(e){return this.hitsPerPage===e?this:this.setQueryParameters({hitsPerPage:e})},setTypoTolerance:function(e){return this.typoTolerance===e?this:this.setQueryParameters({typoTolerance:e})},addNumericRefinement:function(e,t,n){var i=c(n);if(this.isNumericRefined(e,t,i))return this;var a=r({},this.numericRefinements);return a[e]=r({},a[e]),a[e][t]?(a[e][t]=a[e][t].slice(),a[e][t].push(i)):a[e][t]=[i],this.setQueryParameters({numericRefinements:a})},getConjunctiveRefinements:function(e){return this.isConjunctiveFacet(e)&&this.facetsRefinements[e]||[]},getDisjunctiveRefinements:function(e){return this.isDisjunctiveFacet(e)&&this.disjunctiveFacetsRefinements[e]||[]},getHierarchicalRefinement:function(e){return this.hierarchicalFacetsRefinements[e]||[]},getExcludeRefinements:function(e){return this.isConjunctiveFacet(e)&&this.facetsExcludes[e]||[]},removeNumericRefinement:function(e,t,n){return void 0!==n?this.isNumericRefined(e,t,n)?this.setQueryParameters({numericRefinements:this._clearNumericRefinements((function(r,i){return i===e&&r.op===t&&h(r.val,c(n))}))}):this:void 0!==t?this.isNumericRefined(e,t)?this.setQueryParameters({numericRefinements:this._clearNumericRefinements((function(n,r){return r===e&&n.op===t}))}):this:this.isNumericRefined(e)?this.setQueryParameters({numericRefinements:this._clearNumericRefinements((function(t,n){return n===e}))}):this},getNumericRefinements:function(e){return this.numericRefinements[e]||{}},getNumericRefinement:function(e,t){return this.numericRefinements[e]&&this.numericRefinements[e][t]},_clearNumericRefinements:function(e){if(void 0===e)return o(this.numericRefinements)?{}:this.numericRefinements;if("string"==typeof e)return o(this.numericRefinements[e])?u(this.numericRefinements,[e]):this.numericRefinements;if("function"==typeof e){var t=!1,n=this.numericRefinements,r=Object.keys(n).reduce((function(r,i){var a=n[i],s={};return a=a||{},Object.keys(a).forEach((function(n){var r=a[n]||[],c=[];r.forEach((function(t){e({val:t,op:n},i,"numeric")||c.push(t)})),c.length!==r.length&&(t=!0),s[n]=c})),r[i]=s,r}),{});return t?r:this.numericRefinements}},addFacet:function(e){return this.isConjunctiveFacet(e)?this:this.setQueryParameters({facets:this.facets.concat([e])})},addDisjunctiveFacet:function(e){return this.isDisjunctiveFacet(e)?this:this.setQueryParameters({disjunctiveFacets:this.disjunctiveFacets.concat([e])})},addHierarchicalFacet:function(e){if(this.isHierarchicalFacet(e.name))throw new Error("Cannot declare two hierarchical facets with the same name: `"+e.name+"`");return this.setQueryParameters({hierarchicalFacets:this.hierarchicalFacets.concat([e])})},addFacetRefinement:function(e,t){if(!this.isConjunctiveFacet(e))throw new Error(e+" is not defined in the facets attribute of the helper configuration");return f.isRefined(this.facetsRefinements,e,t)?this:this.setQueryParameters({facetsRefinements:f.addRefinement(this.facetsRefinements,e,t)})},addExcludeRefinement:function(e,t){if(!this.isConjunctiveFacet(e))throw new Error(e+" is not defined in the facets attribute of the helper configuration");return 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t!==e}))}):this},removeHierarchicalFacet:function(e){return this.isHierarchicalFacet(e)?this.clearRefinements(e).setQueryParameters({hierarchicalFacets:this.hierarchicalFacets.filter((function(t){return t.name!==e}))}):this},removeFacetRefinement:function(e,t){if(!this.isConjunctiveFacet(e))throw new Error(e+" is not defined in the facets attribute of the helper configuration");return f.isRefined(this.facetsRefinements,e,t)?this.setQueryParameters({facetsRefinements:f.removeRefinement(this.facetsRefinements,e,t)}):this},removeExcludeRefinement:function(e,t){if(!this.isConjunctiveFacet(e))throw new Error(e+" is not defined in the facets attribute of the helper configuration");return f.isRefined(this.facetsExcludes,e,t)?this.setQueryParameters({facetsExcludes:f.removeRefinement(this.facetsExcludes,e,t)}):this},removeDisjunctiveFacetRefinement:function(e,t){if(!this.isDisjunctiveFacet(e))throw new Error(e+" is not defined in the disjunctiveFacets attribute of the helper 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facets attribute of the helper configuration");return this.setQueryParameters({facetsRefinements:f.toggleRefinement(this.facetsRefinements,e,t)})},toggleExcludeFacetRefinement:function(e,t){if(!this.isConjunctiveFacet(e))throw new Error(e+" is not defined in the facets attribute of the helper configuration");return this.setQueryParameters({facetsExcludes:f.toggleRefinement(this.facetsExcludes,e,t)})},toggleDisjunctiveFacetRefinement:function(e,t){if(!this.isDisjunctiveFacet(e))throw new Error(e+" is not defined in the disjunctiveFacets attribute of the helper configuration");return this.setQueryParameters({disjunctiveFacetsRefinements:f.toggleRefinement(this.disjunctiveFacetsRefinements,e,t)})},toggleHierarchicalFacetRefinement:function(e,t){if(!this.isHierarchicalFacet(e))throw new Error(e+" is not defined in the hierarchicalFacets attribute of the helper configuration");var n=this._getHierarchicalFacetSeparator(this.getHierarchicalFacetByName(e)),r={};return void 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e=this.getRefinedDisjunctiveFacets();return this.disjunctiveFacets.filter((function(t){return-1===e.indexOf(t)}))},managedParameters:["index","facets","disjunctiveFacets","facetsRefinements","facetsExcludes","disjunctiveFacetsRefinements","numericRefinements","tagRefinements","hierarchicalFacets","hierarchicalFacetsRefinements"],getQueryParams:function(){var e=this.managedParameters,t={},n=this;return Object.keys(this).forEach((function(r){var i=n[r];-1===e.indexOf(r)&&void 0!==i&&(t[r]=i)})),t},setQueryParameter:function(e,t){if(this[e]===t)return this;var n={};return n[e]=t,this.setQueryParameters(n)},setQueryParameters:function(e){if(!e)return this;var t=l.validate(this,e);if(t)throw t;var n=this,r=l._parseNumbers(e),i=Object.keys(this).reduce((function(e,t){return e[t]=n[t],e}),{}),a=Object.keys(r).reduce((function(e,t){var n=void 0!==e[t],i=void 0!==r[t];return n&&!i?u(e,[t]):(i&&(e[t]=r[t]),e)}),i);return new this.constructor(a)},resetPage:function(){return void 0===this.page?this:this.setPage(0)},_getHierarchicalFacetSortBy:function(e){return e.sortBy||["isRefined:desc","name:asc"]},_getHierarchicalFacetSeparator:function(e){return e.separator||" > "},_getHierarchicalRootPath:function(e){return e.rootPath||null},_getHierarchicalShowParentLevel:function(e){return"boolean"!=typeof e.showParentLevel||e.showParentLevel},getHierarchicalFacetByName:function(e){return s(this.hierarchicalFacets,(function(t){return t.name===e}))},getHierarchicalFacetBreadcrumb:function(e){if(!this.isHierarchicalFacet(e))return[];var t=this.getHierarchicalRefinement(e)[0];if(!t)return[];var n=this._getHierarchicalFacetSeparator(this.getHierarchicalFacetByName(e));return t.split(n).map((function(e){return e.trim()}))},toString:function(){return JSON.stringify(this,null,2)}},e.exports=l},154:function(e,t,n){"use strict";e.exports=function(e,t){if(null===e)return{};var n,r,i={},a=Object.keys(e);for(r=0;r=0||(i[n]=e[n]);return i}},155:function(e,t,n){"use strict";var r=n(138),i=n(139),a=n(156),s=n(176),c=n(135),u=n(177),o=n(157),f=n(178);function h(e){var t={};return e.forEach((function(e,n){t[e]=n})),t}function l(e,t,n){t&&t[n]&&(e.stats=t[n])}function m(e,t){var n=t[0];this._rawResults=t;var a=this;Object.keys(n).forEach((function(e){a[e]=n[e]})),this.processingTimeMS=t.reduce((function(e,t){return void 0===t.processingTimeMS?e:e+t.processingTimeMS}),0),this.disjunctiveFacets=[],this.hierarchicalFacets=e.hierarchicalFacets.map((function(){return[]})),this.facets=[];var o=e.getRefinedDisjunctiveFacets(),m=h(e.facets),d=h(e.disjunctiveFacets),v=1,p=n.facets||{};Object.keys(p).forEach((function(t){var r,i,s=p[t],o=(r=e.hierarchicalFacets,i=t,c(r,(function(e){return(e.attributes||[]).indexOf(i)>-1})));if(o){var f=o.attributes.indexOf(t),h=u(e.hierarchicalFacets,(function(e){return e.name===o.name}));a.hierarchicalFacets[h][f]={attribute:t,data:s,exhaustive:n.exhaustiveFacetsCount}}else{var v,g=-1!==e.disjunctiveFacets.indexOf(t),y=-1!==e.facets.indexOf(t);g&&(v=d[t],a.disjunctiveFacets[v]={name:t,data:s,exhaustive:n.exhaustiveFacetsCount},l(a.disjunctiveFacets[v],n.facets_stats,t)),y&&(v=m[t],a.facets[v]={name:t,data:s,exhaustive:n.exhaustiveFacetsCount},l(a.facets[v],n.facets_stats,t))}})),this.hierarchicalFacets=s(this.hierarchicalFacets),o.forEach((function(s){var c=t[v],o=c&&c.facets?c.facets:{},f=e.getHierarchicalFacetByName(s);Object.keys(o).forEach((function(t){var s,h=o[t];if(f){s=u(e.hierarchicalFacets,(function(e){return e.name===f.name}));var m=u(a.hierarchicalFacets[s],(function(e){return e.attribute===t}));if(-1===m)return;a.hierarchicalFacets[s][m].data=r({},a.hierarchicalFacets[s][m].data,h)}else{s=d[t];var v=n.facets&&n.facets[t]||{};a.disjunctiveFacets[s]={name:t,data:i({},h,v),exhaustive:c.exhaustiveFacetsCount},l(a.disjunctiveFacets[s],c.facets_stats,t),e.disjunctiveFacetsRefinements[t]&&e.disjunctiveFacetsRefinements[t].forEach((function(n){!a.disjunctiveFacets[s].data[n]&&e.disjunctiveFacetsRefinements[t].indexOf(n)>-1&&(a.disjunctiveFacets[s].data[n]=0)}))}})),v++})),e.getRefinedHierarchicalFacets().forEach((function(n){var r=e.getHierarchicalFacetByName(n),s=e._getHierarchicalFacetSeparator(r),c=e.getHierarchicalRefinement(n);if(!(0===c.length||c[0].split(s).length<2)){var o=t[v],f=o&&o.facets?o.facets:{};Object.keys(f).forEach((function(t){var n=f[t],o=u(e.hierarchicalFacets,(function(e){return e.name===r.name})),h=u(a.hierarchicalFacets[o],(function(e){return e.attribute===t}));if(-1!==h){var l={};if(c.length>0){var m=c[0].split(s)[0];l[m]=a.hierarchicalFacets[o][h].data[m]}a.hierarchicalFacets[o][h].data=i(l,n,a.hierarchicalFacets[o][h].data)}})),v++}})),Object.keys(e.facetsExcludes).forEach((function(t){var r=e.facetsExcludes[t],i=m[t];a.facets[i]={name:t,data:n.facets[t],exhaustive:n.exhaustiveFacetsCount},r.forEach((function(e){a.facets[i]=a.facets[i]||{name:t},a.facets[i].data=a.facets[i].data||{},a.facets[i].data[e]=0}))})),this.hierarchicalFacets=this.hierarchicalFacets.map(f(e)),this.facets=s(this.facets),this.disjunctiveFacets=s(this.disjunctiveFacets),this._state=e}function d(e,t){if(!t.data||0===t.data.length)return t;var n=t.data.map((function(t){return d(e,t)})),i=e(n);return r({},t,{data:i})}function v(e,t){var n=c(e,(function(e){return e.name===t}));return n&&n.stats}function p(e,t,n,r,i){var a=c(i,(function(e){return e.name===n})),s=a&&a.data&&a.data[r]?a.data[r]:0,u=a&&a.exhaustive||!1;return{type:t,attributeName:n,name:r,count:s,exhaustive:u}}m.prototype.getFacetByName=function(e){function t(t){return t.name===e}return c(this.facets,t)||c(this.disjunctiveFacets,t)||c(this.hierarchicalFacets,t)},m.DEFAULT_SORT=["isRefined:desc","count:desc","name:asc"],m.prototype.getFacetValues=function(e,t){var n=function(e,t){function n(e){return e.name===t}if(e._state.isConjunctiveFacet(t)){var r=c(e.facets,n);return r?Object.keys(r.data).map((function(n){return{name:n,count:r.data[n],isRefined:e._state.isFacetRefined(t,n),isExcluded:e._state.isExcludeRefined(t,n)}})):[]}if(e._state.isDisjunctiveFacet(t)){var i=c(e.disjunctiveFacets,n);return i?Object.keys(i.data).map((function(n){return{name:n,count:i.data[n],isRefined:e._state.isDisjunctiveFacetRefined(t,n)}})):[]}if(e._state.isHierarchicalFacet(t))return c(e.hierarchicalFacets,n)}(this,e);if(n){var r=i({},t,{sortBy:m.DEFAULT_SORT});if(Array.isArray(r.sortBy)){var s=o(r.sortBy,m.DEFAULT_SORT);return Array.isArray(n)?a(n,s[0],s[1]):d((function(e){return a(e,s[0],s[1])}),n)}if("function"==typeof r.sortBy)return Array.isArray(n)?n.sort(r.sortBy):d((function(e){return function(e,t){return t.sort(e)}(r.sortBy,e)}),n);throw new Error("options.sortBy is optional but if defined it must be either an array of string (predicates) or a sorting function")}},m.prototype.getFacetStats=function(e){return this._state.isConjunctiveFacet(e)?v(this.facets,e):this._state.isDisjunctiveFacet(e)?v(this.disjunctiveFacets,e):void 0},m.prototype.getRefinements=function(){var e=this._state,t=this,n=[];return 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Object(r.b)("wrapper",Object(n.a)({},l,t,{components:e,mdxType:"MDXLayout"}),Object(r.b)("link",{rel:"stylesheet",href:Object(m.a)("katex/katex.min.css")}),Object(r.b)("blockquote",null,Object(r.b)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Condutor de baixa imped\xe2ncia ao qual v\xe1rios circuitos el\xe9tricos podem ser conectados em pontos separados.\nNota - Em muitos casos, o barramento consiste em uma barra. ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=151-12-30"}),Object(r.b)("em",{parentName:"a"},"tradu\xe7\xe3o livre")," - IEC 60050"),".")),Object(r.b)("h2",{id:"barramento-no-psp-ufu"},"Barramento no PSP-UFU"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"O elemento ",Object(r.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"barramento"),", ou simplesmente ",Object(r.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"barra"),", \xe9 um conector ou n\xf3 do diagrama unifilar do PSP-UFU. 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Podem ser inseridos quaisquer n\xfameros de caracteres no padr\xe3o ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"}),"Unicode"),"."),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Todos os componentes de pot\xeancia do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo."),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"tens\xe3o-nominal"},"Tens\xe3o nominal"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Utilizado para c\xe1lculo da imped\xe2ncia base de alguns elementos conectados, al\xe9m do c\xe1lculo da rela\xe7\xe3o de transforma\xe7\xe3o dos transformadores conectados entre barras. Sua unidade pode ser selecionada, sendo expressa em V ou em kV."),Object(r.b)("p",null,"A modifica\xe7\xe3o desse par\xe2metro ir\xe1 alterar toda a tens\xe3o do trecho conectado por linhas el\xe9tricas, sendo emitido um alerta ao usu\xe1rio."),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"tens\xe3o-controlada"},"Tens\xe3o controlada"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Caracteriza o barramento como ",Object(r.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"barra de tens\xe3o controlada (",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"strong"},{href:"powerFlow"}),"Barra PV"),")"),","),Object(r.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(r.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(r.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(r.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(r.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(r.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(r.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Essa op\xe7\xe3o \xe9 somente v\xe1lida caso alguma m\xe1quina s\xedncrona esteja conectado, caso contr\xe1rio esse valor ser\xe1 ignorado. Caso o limite de pot\xeancia reativa da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona conectada seja ultrapassado esse valor tamb\xe9m \xe9 ignorado."))),Object(r.b)("p",null,"O valor poder\xe1 ser inserido em p.u. ou em volts (ou kV caso a tens\xe3o nominal esteja nesta unidade)."),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"barra-de-refer\xeancia"},"Barra de refer\xeancia"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Caracteriza o barramento como ",Object(r.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"barra de refer\xeancia (",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"strong"},{href:"powerFlow"}),"Barra de oscila\xe7\xe3o"),")"),". Essa op\xe7\xe3o \xe9 somente v\xe1lida caso esteja conectado um gerador s\xedncrono, caso contr\xe1rio uma mensagem de erro ser\xe1 exibida ao usu\xe1rio ao realizar algum dos c\xe1lculos do programa.")),Object(r.b)(b.a,{value:"fault",mdxType:"TabItem"},Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"inserir-falta"},"Inserir falta"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Indica se existe um curto-circuito na barra nos estudos de ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"fault"}),"curto-circuito"),"."),Object(r.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(r.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(r.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(r.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(r.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado!")),Object(r.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(r.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Nota-se que essa op\xe7\xe3o ir\xe1 inserir uma falta no c\xe1lculo de ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"fault"}),"curto-circuito")," e ",Object(r.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"n\xe3o ser\xe1 considerado no estudo de estabilidade"),"."))),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"tipo-de-falta"},"Tipo de falta"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Seleciona o tipo de falha shunt da barra:"),Object(r.b)("ul",null,Object(r.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"trif\xe1sico para a terra"),Object(r.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"fase-fase"),Object(r.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"fase-fase-terra"),Object(r.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"fase-terra")),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"local-da-falta"},"Local da falta"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Seleciona a fase em que se situa a falta (ou combina\xe7\xe3o delas no caso de falha entre duas fases), sendo essa op\xe7\xe3o desabilitada para o tipo de falta trif\xe1sica."),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"resist\xeancia-e-reat\xe2ncia-de-falta"},"Resist\xeancia e reat\xe2ncia de falta"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Representam a imped\xe2ncia da falta. 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Podem ser inseridos quaisquer n\xfameros de caracteres no padr\xe3o ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"}),"Unicode"),"."),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Todos os componentes de pot\xeancia do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo."),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"tens\xe3o-nominal"},"Tens\xe3o nominal"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Utilizado para c\xe1lculo da imped\xe2ncia base de alguns elementos conectados, al\xe9m do c\xe1lculo da rela\xe7\xe3o de transforma\xe7\xe3o dos transformadores conectados entre barras. Sua unidade pode ser selecionada, sendo expressa em V ou em kV."),Object(r.b)("p",null,"A modifica\xe7\xe3o desse par\xe2metro ir\xe1 alterar toda a tens\xe3o do trecho conectado por linhas el\xe9tricas, sendo emitido um alerta ao usu\xe1rio."),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"tens\xe3o-controlada"},"Tens\xe3o controlada"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Caracteriza o barramento como ",Object(r.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"barra de tens\xe3o controlada (",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"strong"},{href:"powerFlow"}),"Barra PV"),")"),","),Object(r.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(r.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(r.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(r.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(r.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(r.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(r.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Essa op\xe7\xe3o \xe9 somente v\xe1lida caso alguma m\xe1quina s\xedncrona esteja conectado, caso contr\xe1rio esse valor ser\xe1 ignorado. Caso o limite de pot\xeancia reativa da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona conectada seja ultrapassado esse valor tamb\xe9m \xe9 ignorado."))),Object(r.b)("p",null,"O valor poder\xe1 ser inserido em p.u. ou em volts (ou kV caso a tens\xe3o nominal esteja nesta unidade)."),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"barra-de-refer\xeancia"},"Barra de refer\xeancia"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Caracteriza o barramento como ",Object(r.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"barra de refer\xeancia (",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"strong"},{href:"powerFlow"}),"Barra de oscila\xe7\xe3o"),")"),". Essa op\xe7\xe3o \xe9 somente v\xe1lida caso esteja conectado um gerador s\xedncrono, caso contr\xe1rio uma mensagem de erro ser\xe1 exibida ao usu\xe1rio ao realizar algum dos c\xe1lculos do programa.")),Object(r.b)(b.a,{value:"fault",mdxType:"TabItem"},Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"inserir-falta"},"Inserir falta"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Indica se existe um curto-circuito na barra nos estudos de ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"fault"}),"curto-circuito"),"."),Object(r.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(r.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(r.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(r.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(r.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado!")),Object(r.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(r.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Nota-se que essa op\xe7\xe3o ir\xe1 inserir uma falta no c\xe1lculo de ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"fault"}),"curto-circuito")," e ",Object(r.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"n\xe3o ser\xe1 considerado no estudo de estabilidade"),"."))),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"tipo-de-falta"},"Tipo de falta"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Seleciona o tipo de falha shunt da barra:"),Object(r.b)("ul",null,Object(r.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"trif\xe1sico para a terra"),Object(r.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"fase-fase"),Object(r.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"fase-fase-terra"),Object(r.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"fase-terra")),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"local-da-falta"},"Local da falta"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Seleciona a fase em que se situa a falta (ou combina\xe7\xe3o delas no caso de falha entre duas fases), sendo essa op\xe7\xe3o desabilitada para o tipo de falta trif\xe1sica."),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"resist\xeancia-e-reat\xe2ncia-de-falta"},"Resist\xeancia e reat\xe2ncia de falta"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Representam a imped\xe2ncia da falta. 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Os seguintes dados s\xe3o exibidos:"),Object(r.b)("ul",null,Object(r.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"m\xf3dulo da tens\xe3o do barramento"),Object(r.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"\xe2ngulo da tens\xe3o do barramento.")),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"inserir-falta-1"},"Inserir falta"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Insere uma falta trif\xe1sica na barra no c\xe1lculo de ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"stability"}),"estabilidade"),"."),Object(r.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(r.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(r.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(r.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(r.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado!")),Object(r.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(r.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Nota-se que essa op\xe7\xe3o ir\xe1 inserir uma falta no c\xe1lculo de ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"stability"}),"estabilidade")," e ",Object(r.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"n\xe3o ser\xe1 considerado no estudo de ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"strong"},{href:"fault"}),"curto-circuito")),"."))),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"tempo"},"Tempo"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Instante no tempo (",Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(r.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(r.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(r.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(r.b)("msub",{parentName:"mrow"},Object(r.b)("mi",{parentName:"msub"},"t"),Object(r.b)("mrow",{parentName:"msub"},Object(r.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"f"),Object(r.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"a"),Object(r.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"l"),Object(r.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"t"),Object(r.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"a")))),Object(r.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"t_{falta}")))),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.9011879999999999em",verticalAlign:"-0.286108em"}})),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"t"),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"msupsub"}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2"}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3361079999999999em"}}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-2.5500000000000003em",marginLeft:"0em",marginRight:"0.05em"}}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}})),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mtight"}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.10764em"}}),"f"),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight"}),"a"),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.01968em"}}),"l"),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight"}),"t"),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight"}),"a"))))),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-s"}),"\u200b")),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.286108em"}}),Object(r.b)("span",{parentName:"span"})))))))))),") em que ocorre a falta durante os estudos de ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"stability"}),"estabilidade"),". 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A falta ir\xe1 iniciar no instante ",Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math 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Cada tipo de entrada e sa\xedda est\xe1 relacionada a um regulador da m\xe1quina: ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Regulador de Tens\xe3o (AVR, do ingl\xeas ",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"strong"},"Automatic Voltage Regulator"),")")," e ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Regulador de Velocidade (RV)"),"."),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado!")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O sistema de controle deve ter ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"ao menos uma entrada e uma sa\xedda"),"."))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"As entradas e sa\xeddas do sistema de controle s\xe3o definidas por esses blocos, os quais s\xe3o distintos para cada tipo de escopo. 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As seguintes vari\xe1veis de controle est\xe3o atualmente dispon\xedveis no programa:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Tens\xe3o terminal")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR"),"): M\xf3dulo da tens\xe3o no barramento da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona, em ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"p"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),"."),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"u"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),".")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"p.u.")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.625em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"p"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"u"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."))))),", vari\xe1vel no tempo. Essa vari\xe1vel \xe9 normalmente utilizada no c\xe1lculo do erro da tens\xe3o de refer\xeancia do AVR;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Velocidade")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR e RV"),"): Velocidade da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona, em rad/s, vari\xe1vel no tempo. Normalmente utilizada no c\xe1lculo do erro de velocidade nos reguladores de velocidade, al\xe9m de entrada do PSS em AVRs;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Pot\xeancia ativa e reativa")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR"),"): Pot\xeancia ativa fornecida pela m\xe1quina s\xedncrona, em ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"p"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),"."),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"u"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),".")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"p.u.")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.625em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"p"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"u"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."))))),", vari\xe1vel no tempo. Normalmente utilizada como entrada do PSS (pot\xeancia ativa) e controle de sub e sobrecorrente de excita\xe7\xe3o nos AVRs;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Tens\xe3o terminal inicial")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR"),"): M\xf3dulo da tens\xe3o no barramento da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona pr\xe9via ao estudo din\xe2mico originado do fluxo de carga, em ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"p"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),"."),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"u"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),".")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"p.u.")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.625em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"p"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"u"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."))))),", fixo no tempo. Essa vari\xe1vel est\xe1 normalmente associada \xe0 refer\xeancia de tens\xe3o do AVR;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Velocidade inicial")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR e RV"),"): Velocidade do sistema (",Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"2"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"\u03c0"),Object(m.b)("msub",{parentName:"mrow"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"msub"},"f"),Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"msub"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"r"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"e"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"f")))),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"2 \\pi f_{ref}")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.980548em",verticalAlign:"-0.286108em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"2"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.03588em"}}),"\u03c0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.10764em"}}),"f"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"msupsub"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3361079999999999em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-2.5500000000000003em",marginLeft:"-0.10764em",marginRight:"0.05em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mtight"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"}}),"r"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight"}),"e"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.10764em"}}),"f"))))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-s"}),"\u200b")),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.286108em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",{parentName:"span"})))))))))),"), definida nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"op\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),", em rad/s, fixa no tempo. Normalmente utiliza-se essa vari\xe1vel como refer\xeancia de velocidade em RVs e normaliza\xe7\xe3o da velocidade;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Pot\xeancia mec\xe2nica inicial")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: RV"),"): Pot\xeancia mec\xe2nica inicial, calculada ap\xf3s a inicializa\xe7\xe3o das m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas com os dados originados do fluxo de carga, em ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"p"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),"."),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"u"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),".")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"p.u.")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.625em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"p"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"u"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."))))),", fixa no tempo. Normalmente \xe9 utilizada como refer\xeancia de pot\xeancia mec\xe2nica nos reguladores de velocidade;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Varia\xe7\xe3o de velocidade e pot\xeancia ativa")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR"),"): C\xe1lculo da varia\xe7\xe3o dessas entradas entre os passos de integra\xe7\xe3o normalizada pelo passo de integra\xe7\xe3o, conforme a equa\xe7\xe3o:"),Object(m.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"li"},{className:"math 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As seguintes vari\xe1veis de controle est\xe3o atualmente dispon\xedveis no programa:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Tens\xe3o terminal")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR"),"): M\xf3dulo da tens\xe3o no barramento da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona, em ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"p"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),"."),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"u"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),".")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"p.u.")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.625em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"p"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"u"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."))))),", vari\xe1vel no tempo. Essa vari\xe1vel \xe9 normalmente utilizada no c\xe1lculo do erro da tens\xe3o de refer\xeancia do AVR;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Velocidade")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR e RV"),"): Velocidade da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona, em rad/s, vari\xe1vel no tempo. Normalmente utilizada no c\xe1lculo do erro de velocidade nos reguladores de velocidade, al\xe9m de entrada do PSS em AVRs;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Pot\xeancia ativa e reativa")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR"),"): Pot\xeancia ativa fornecida pela m\xe1quina s\xedncrona, em ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"p"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),"."),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"u"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),".")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"p.u.")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.625em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"p"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"u"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."))))),", vari\xe1vel no tempo. Normalmente utilizada como entrada do PSS (pot\xeancia ativa) e controle de sub e sobrecorrente de excita\xe7\xe3o nos AVRs;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Tens\xe3o terminal inicial")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR"),"): M\xf3dulo da tens\xe3o no barramento da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona pr\xe9via ao estudo din\xe2mico originado do fluxo de carga, em ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"p"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),"."),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"u"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),".")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"p.u.")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.625em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"p"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"u"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."))))),", fixo no tempo. Essa vari\xe1vel est\xe1 normalmente associada \xe0 refer\xeancia de tens\xe3o do AVR;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Velocidade inicial")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR e RV"),"): Velocidade do sistema (",Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"2"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"\u03c0"),Object(m.b)("msub",{parentName:"mrow"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"msub"},"f"),Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"msub"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"r"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"e"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"f")))),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"2 \\pi f_{ref}")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.980548em",verticalAlign:"-0.286108em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"2"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.03588em"}}),"\u03c0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.10764em"}}),"f"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"msupsub"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.3361079999999999em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-2.5500000000000003em",marginLeft:"-0.10764em",marginRight:"0.05em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mtight"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"}}),"r"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight"}),"e"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight",style:{marginRight:"0.10764em"}}),"f"))))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-s"}),"\u200b")),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.286108em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",{parentName:"span"})))))))))),"), definida nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"op\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),", em rad/s, fixa no tempo. Normalmente utiliza-se essa vari\xe1vel como refer\xeancia de velocidade em RVs e normaliza\xe7\xe3o da velocidade;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Pot\xeancia mec\xe2nica inicial")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: RV"),"): Pot\xeancia mec\xe2nica inicial, calculada ap\xf3s a inicializa\xe7\xe3o das m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas com os dados originados do fluxo de carga, em ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"p"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),"."),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"u"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(n.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),".")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(n.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"p.u.")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.625em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"p"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"u"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."))))),", fixa no tempo. Normalmente \xe9 utilizada como refer\xeancia de pot\xeancia mec\xe2nica nos reguladores de velocidade;")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Varia\xe7\xe3o de velocidade e pot\xeancia ativa")," (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"entrada: AVR"),"): C\xe1lculo da varia\xe7\xe3o dessas entradas entre os passos de integra\xe7\xe3o normalizada pelo passo de integra\xe7\xe3o, conforme a equa\xe7\xe3o:"),Object(m.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"li"},{className:"math 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terminal:")),Object(r.b)("pre",null,Object(r.b)("code",Object(n.a)({parentName:"pre"},{className:"language-shell"}),"./PSP-UFU\n")),Object(r.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(r.b)("div",Object(n.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(r.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(r.b)("span",Object(n.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(r.b)("svg",Object(n.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(r.b)("path",Object(n.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 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Essa barra \xe9 necessariamente geradora, uma vez que ela \xe9 respons\xe1vel pelo equil\xedbrio do balan\xe7o de pot\xeancia do sistema."))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O tipo de barra deve ser definido no ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"bus"}),"elemento barramento"),"."),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Note que ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"o sistema deve possuir somente uma barra de refer\xeancia"),"."))),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Como mencionado anteriormente, as equa\xe7\xf5es s\xe3o n\xe3o-lineares e a solu\xe7\xe3o anal\xedtica n\xe3o \xe9 pr\xe1tica. As solu\xe7\xf5es dessas equa\xe7\xf5es seguem ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"strong"},{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_method"}),"processos iterativos")),", em que s\xe3o atribu\xeddos valores estimados (ou iniciais) para as barras com tens\xf5es desconhecidas e, baseado na pot\xeancia ativa e reativa e m\xf3dulo da tens\xe3o especificados, calcula-se por meio das equa\xe7\xf5es previamente apresentadas as novas tens\xf5es complexas em cada n\xf3 do sistema."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Na sequ\xeancia, esse conjunto de valores para as tens\xf5es em cada barra \xe9 utilizado para novamente calcular outro grupo de tens\xf5es. Cada c\xe1lculo de um novo conjunto de tens\xf5es \xe9 chamado itera\xe7\xe3o. O processo iterativo \xe9 repetido at\xe9 que as mudan\xe7as em todas as barras sejam menores do que um valor pr\xe9-estipulado, obtendo assim a converg\xeancia."),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"execu\xe7\xe3o-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu"},"Execu\xe7\xe3o do fluxo de carga no PSP-UFU"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Ap\xf3s a constru\xe7\xe3o do diagrama unifilar no ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"editor de pot\xeancia"),", a execu\xe7\xe3o do fluxo de carga \xe9 realizada no ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"menu Simula\xe7\xe3o")," clicando no bot\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Fluxo de carga"),"."),Object(n.b)("div",null,Object(n.b)("center",null,Object(n.b)("img",{src:Object(b.a)("images/menuSimulationPF.svg"),alt:"Menu Simula\xe7\xe3o",title:"Menu Simula\xe7\xe3o"}))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"})))),"Dica")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Caso o fluxo de carga tenha sido executado com sucesso, as setas de pot\xeancia ser\xe3o exibidas, a barra de status indicar\xe1 sucesso na opera\xe7\xe3o e os ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"text"}),"elementos de texto")," ser\xe3o atualizados."))),Object(n.b)("p",null,Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Outra possibilidade")," \xe9 a execu\xe7\xe3o por meio do c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo, tamb\xe9m presente no ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"menu Simula\xe7\xe3o")," e seu acionamento \xe9 realizado co clicar no bot\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Habilitar solu\xe7\xe3o"),". Com essa op\xe7\xe3o, os c\xe1lculos est\xe1ticos selecionados nas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o")," s\xe3o automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer par\xe2metros da rede, como dados el\xe9tricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remo\xe7\xe3o ou inser\xe7\xe3o)."),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Evite construir o circuito com o c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo habilitado, uma vez que configura\xe7\xf5es tempor\xe1rias podem levar a erros de execu\xe7\xe3o da simula\xe7\xe3o."),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Para desabilitar o c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo clique no bot\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Desabilitar solu\xe7\xe3o"),"."))),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Os resultados do fluxo de carga s\xe3o exibidos nos ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"text"}),"elementos de texto vinculado"),", ao posicionar o mouse sobre os elementos e em ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"tabularReport"}),"relat\xf3rios tabulares"),"."),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"erros-comuns-na-execu\xe7\xe3o-do-fluxo-de-carga"},"Erros comuns na execu\xe7\xe3o do fluxo de carga"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"A seguir s\xe3o apresentados os erros mais comuns relacionados ao fluxo de carga."),Object(n.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-o-n\xfamero-m\xe1ximo-de-itera\xe7\xf5es-foi-alcan\xe7ado"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "O n\xfamero m\xe1ximo de itera\xe7\xf5es foi alcan\xe7ado"'),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando o m\xe9todo de solu\xe7\xe3o num\xe9rica selecionado nas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o")," atinge o n\xfamero m\xe1ximo de itera\xe7\xf5es inserido. As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(n.b)("ul",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros do circuito est\xe3o incorretos"),". caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o dos elementos el\xe9tricos sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum elemento possui par\xe2metros discrepantes dos demais"),". Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de imped\xe2ncia muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com imped\xe2ncia muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar \xe0 diverg\xeancia do m\xe9todo num\xe9rico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representa\xe7\xe3o desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos de solu\xe7\xe3o dispon\xedveis."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O n\xfamero m\xe1ximo de itera\xe7\xf5es est\xe1 muito baixo"),". Alguns circuitos exigem um n\xfamero maior de itera\xe7\xf5es, portanto altere o valor do m\xe1ximo de itera\xe7\xf5es nas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),". Tamb\xe9m tente alternar entre os m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos de solu\xe7\xe3o dispon\xedveis."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros de simula\xe7\xe3o est\xe3o inadequados"),". Caso um par\xe2metro do m\xe9todo de solu\xe7\xe3o esteja inadequado, como fator de acelera\xe7\xe3o ou toler\xe2ncia, o c\xe1lculo pode n\xe3o alcan\xe7ar a converg\xeancia. Altere esses par\xe2metros nas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),".")),Object(n.b)("h4",{id:"os-dados-de-sa\xedda-s\xe3o-exibidos-como-nan-ou-nan"},'Os dados de sa\xedda s\xe3o exibidos como "NaN" ou "nan"'),Object(n.b)("p",null,'Isso ocorre devido a erros de opera\xe7\xf5es matem\xe1ticas nos c\xe1lculos de fluxo de carga. "NaN" significa ',Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"Not a Number"),"."),Object(n.b)("ul",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum barramento est\xe1 isolado"),". Esse erro \xe9 bastante comum e pode ocorrer ao inserir um barramento sem conect\xe1-lo ao sistema ou ao remover os elementos de ramo que conectam uma barra ao sistema. A solu\xe7\xe3o \xe9 eliminar essa barra do diagrama."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros do circuito est\xe3o incorretos"),". caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o dos elementos el\xe9tricos sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum elemento possui par\xe2metros discrepantes dos demais"),". Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de imped\xe2ncia muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com imped\xe2ncia muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar \xe0 diverg\xeancia do m\xe9todo num\xe9rico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representa\xe7\xe3o desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos de solu\xe7\xe3o dispon\xedveis.")),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"m\xe9todos-de-solu\xe7\xe3o-num\xe9rica-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu"},"M\xe9todos de solu\xe7\xe3o num\xe9rica do fluxo de carga no PSP-UFU"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Os m\xe9todos implementados no programa para solu\xe7\xe3o do problema de fluxo de carga no PSP-UFU s\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Gauss-Seidel (GS)")," e ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Newton-Raphson (NR)"),". Al\xe9m desses m\xe9todos cl\xe1ssicos, um m\xe9todo h\xedbrido pode ser utilizado (definido nas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),"), em que \xe9 utilizado inicialmente o GS e na sequ\xeancia o NR, aumentando a chance de converg\xeancia do NR."),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"gauss-seidel"},"Gauss-Seidel"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"O m\xe9todo de Gauss-Seidel tem sido bastante utilizado nas \xfaltimas d\xe9cadas para solu\xe7\xe3o do problema de fluxo de carga, uma vez que n\xe3o h\xe1 a necessidade de fatorar a matrizes, reduzindo o esfor\xe7o computacional. Atualmente, restri\xe7\xf5es computacionais s\xe3o menos problem\xe1ticas e outros m\xe9todos s\xe3o normalmente escolhidos, por\xe9m o Gauss-Seidel ainda possui valor did\xe1tico e, visto que o PSP-UFU tamb\xe9m possui fins educacionais, optou-se pela implementa\xe7\xe3o desse m\xe9todo."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Para iniciar as itera\xe7\xf5es do m\xe9todo s\xe3o necess\xe1rios valores iniciais para as tens\xf5es (",Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(n.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(n.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(n.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(n.b)("msubsup",{parentName:"mrow"},Object(n.b)("mover",Object(s.a)({parentName:"msubsup"},{accent:"true"}),Object(n.b)("mi",{parentName:"mover"},"V"),Object(n.b)("mo",{parentName:"mover"},"\u02d9")),Object(n.b)("mi",{parentName:"msubsup"},"i"),Object(n.b)("mn",{parentName:"msubsup"},"0"))),Object(n.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"\\dot{V}_i^0")))),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"1.178854em",verticalAlign:"-0.258664em"}})),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord accent"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-t"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.9201900000000001em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-3em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"3em"}})),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.22222em"}}),"V"))),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-3.25233em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"3em"}})),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"accent-body",style:{left:"-0.13889em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"\u02d9"))))))),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"msupsub"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141079999999999em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-2.441336em",marginRight:"0.05em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}})),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight"}),"i"))),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-3.063em",marginRight:"0.05em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}})),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mtight"}),"0")))),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-s"}),"\u200b")),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.258664em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",{parentName:"span"})))))))))),") que devem ser calculadas. 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\xe9 o m\xf3dulo da tens\xe3o especificada para a barra PV. A barra de refer\xeancia tem o m\xf3dulo e \xe2ngulo de tens\xe3o fixos e n\xe3o participam no processo iterativo."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"O m\xe9todo de Gauss-Seidel mostra um ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"n\xfamero excessivo de itera\xe7\xf5es")," e, com o intuito reduzi-los, multiplicam-se as corre\xe7\xf5es de tens\xf5es por uma constante. Essa opera\xe7\xe3o amplia o valor da corre\xe7\xe3o, trazendo a tens\xe3o para mais perto do valor do valor final. Os multiplicadores que realizam essa converg\xeancia melhorada s\xe3o chamados de fatores de acelera\xe7\xe3o. Para qualquer sistema existem valores \xf3timos para os fatores de acelera\xe7\xe3o e uma escolha inadequada pode resultar em uma converg\xeancia mais lenta ou torn\xe1-la imposs\xedvel. Normalmente \xe9 utilizado um fator de acelera\xe7\xe3o igual a 1,6, valor definido como padr\xe3o no programa. 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tens\xe3o deixa de ser controlada partir de ent\xe3o."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"A verifica\xe7\xe3o de viola\xe7\xe3o e troca de tipo de barra pode ser realizada a cada itera\xe7\xe3o ou ao final da converg\xeancia do c\xe1lculo. No PSP-UFU foi implementada a \xfaltima estrat\xe9gia, uma vez que separa os conceitos de c\xe1lculo e de verifica\xe7\xe3o de limites, tornando mais f\xe1cil o desenvolvimento de novos m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos e limites. Nessa abordagem, ao ajustar o sistema para a nova situa\xe7\xe3o n\xe3o violadora o c\xe1lculo iterativo deve ser retomado at\xe9 que obtenha novamente a converg\xeancia."),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"refer\xeancias"},"Refer\xeancias"),Object(n.b)("ol",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"MONTICELLI, A. J. Fluxo de Carga em Redes de Energia El\xe9trica. S\xe3o Paulo: Edgar Bl\xfccher, 1983."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"STEVENSON JR.; WILLIAN, D. Elementos de An\xe1lise de Sistemas de Pot\xeancia. 2\xaa ed. S\xe3o Paulo: McGraw-Hill, 1986."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"MILANO, F. Power System Modelling and Scripting. London: Springer, 2010. doi: ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6"}),"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. doi: ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286"}),"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"TINNEY, W. F.; HART, C. E. Power Flow Solution by Newton\u2019s Method. IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, v. PAS-86, n. 11, nov. 1967. doi: ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1967.291823"}),"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1967.291823"))))}j.isMDXComponent=!0}}]); \ No newline at end of file +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[33],{123:function(a,e,t){"use strict";var s=t(0),m=t(20);e.a=function(){const a=Object(s.useContext)(m.a);if(null===a)throw new Error("Docusaurus context not provided");return a}},124:function(a,e,t){"use strict";t.d(e,"a",(function(){return j})),t.d(e,"b",(function(){return i}));var s=t(0),m=t.n(s);function n(a,e,t){return e in a?Object.defineProperty(a,e,{value:t,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):a[e]=t,a}function b(a,e){var t=Object.keys(a);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var s=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(a);e&&(s=s.filter((function(e){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(a,e).enumerable}))),t.push.apply(t,s)}return t}function p(a){for(var e=1;e=0||(m[t]=a[t]);return m}(a,e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var n=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(a);for(s=0;s=0||Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(a,t)&&(m[t]=a[t])}return m}var r=m.a.createContext({}),O=function(a){var e=m.a.useContext(r),t=e;return a&&(t="function"==typeof a?a(e):p(p({},e),a)),t},j=function(a){var e=O(a.components);return m.a.createElement(r.Provider,{value:e},a.children)},l={inlineCode:"code",wrapper:function(a){var e=a.children;return m.a.createElement(m.a.Fragment,{},e)}},N=m.a.forwardRef((function(a,e){var t=a.components,s=a.mdxType,n=a.originalType,b=a.parentName,r=c(a,["components","mdxType","originalType","parentName"]),j=O(t),N=s,i=j["".concat(b,".").concat(N)]||j[N]||l[N]||n;return t?m.a.createElement(i,p(p({ref:e},r),{},{components:t})):m.a.createElement(i,p({ref:e},r))}));function i(a,e){var t=arguments,s=e&&e.mdxType;if("string"==typeof a||s){var n=t.length,b=new Array(n);b[0]=N;var p={};for(var c in e)hasOwnProperty.call(e,c)&&(p[c]=e[c]);p.originalType=a,p.mdxType="string"==typeof a?a:s,b[1]=p;for(var r=2;rfunction(a,e,t,{forcePrependBaseUrl:s=!1,absolute:n=!1}={}){if(!t)return t;if(t.startsWith("#"))return t;if(Object(m.b)(t))return t;if(s)return e+t;const b=!t.startsWith(e)?e+t.replace(/^\//,""):t;return n?a+b:b}(e,a,t,s)}}function b(a,e={}){const{withBaseUrl:t}=n();return t(a,e)}},126:function(a,e,t){"use strict";function s(a){return!0===/^(\w*:|\/\/)/.test(a)}function m(a){return void 0!==a&&!s(a)}t.d(e,"b",(function(){return s})),t.d(e,"a",(function(){return m}))},127:function(a,e,t){"use strict";function s(a){var e,t,m="";if("string"==typeof a||"number"==typeof a)m+=a;else if("object"==typeof a)if(Array.isArray(a))for(e=0;ee.value===a)&&h(a)}const g=a=>{h(a),null!=l&&i(l,a)},d=[];return m.a.createElement("div",null,m.a.createElement("ul",{role:"tablist","aria-orientation":"horizontal",className:Object(b.a)("tabs",{"tabs--block":e})},j.map(({value:a,label:e})=>m.a.createElement("li",{role:"tab",tabIndex:0,"aria-selected":o===a,className:Object(b.a)("tabs__item",c.a.tabItem,{"tabs__item--active":o===a}),key:a,ref:a=>d.push(a),onKeyDown:a=>((a,e,t)=>{switch(t.keyCode){case O:((a,e)=>{const t=a.indexOf(e)+1;a[t]?a[t].focus():a[0].focus()})(a,e);break;case r:((a,e)=>{const t=a.indexOf(e)-1;a[t]?a[t].focus():a[a.length-1].focus()})(a,e)}})(d,a.target,a),onFocus:()=>g(a),onClick:()=>g(a)},e))),m.a.createElement("div",{role:"tabpanel",className:"margin-vert--md"},s.Children.toArray(t).filter(a=>a.props.value===o)[0]))}},131:function(a,e,t){"use strict";var s=t(0),m=t.n(s);e.a=function(a){return m.a.createElement("div",null,a.children)}},92:function(a,e,t){"use strict";t.r(e),t.d(e,"frontMatter",(function(){return p})),t.d(e,"metadata",(function(){return c})),t.d(e,"rightToc",(function(){return r})),t.d(e,"default",(function(){return j}));var s=t(2),m=t(6),n=(t(0),t(124)),b=t(125),p=(t(130),t(131),{id:"powerFlow",title:"Fluxo de Pot\xeancia",sidebar_label:"Fluxo de Pot\xeancia"}),c={unversionedId:"powerFlow",id:"powerFlow",isDocsHomePage:!1,title:"Fluxo de Pot\xeancia",description:"Um estudo fundamental no planejamento da expans\xe3o e opera\xe7\xe3o de um sistema el\xe9trico \xe9 o fluxo de pot\xeancia (ou fluxo de carga) uma vez que a opera\xe7\xe3o satisfat\xf3ria desse sistema depende do conhecimento dos efeitos da interliga\xe7\xe3o, de novas cargas, de novas centrais geradoras e de novas linhas antes que elas sejam instaladas. 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mtight"}),"i")))),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-s"}),"\u200b")),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",{parentName:"span"}))))))))))," s\xe3o calculados.")),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"Informa\xe7\xe3o")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"As ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"barras PQ")," geralmente s\xe3o representadas pelos barramentos de carga, os quais n\xe3o h\xe1 gera\xe7\xe3o e controle de tens\xe3o."),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"As ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"barras PV")," se caracterizam pelo controle de tens\xe3o mediante a inje\xe7\xe3o ou absor\xe7\xe3o de pot\xeancia reativa por meio do controle da excita\xe7\xe3o de uma m\xe1quina s\xedncrona."),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"A ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"barra de Refer\xeancia")," (ou de folga, de oscila\xe7\xe3o) tem como fun\xe7\xe3o, assim como o pr\xf3prio nome diz, servir de refer\xeancia de tens\xe3o e \xe2ngulo do sistema. Essa barra \xe9 necessariamente geradora, uma vez que ela \xe9 respons\xe1vel pelo equil\xedbrio do balan\xe7o de pot\xeancia do sistema."))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O tipo de barra deve ser definido no ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"bus"}),"elemento barramento"),"."),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Note que ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"o sistema deve possuir somente uma barra de refer\xeancia"),"."))),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Como mencionado anteriormente, as equa\xe7\xf5es s\xe3o n\xe3o-lineares e a solu\xe7\xe3o anal\xedtica n\xe3o \xe9 pr\xe1tica. As solu\xe7\xf5es dessas equa\xe7\xf5es seguem ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"strong"},{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_method"}),"processos iterativos")),", em que s\xe3o atribu\xeddos valores estimados (ou iniciais) para as barras com tens\xf5es desconhecidas e, baseado na pot\xeancia ativa e reativa e m\xf3dulo da tens\xe3o especificados, calcula-se por meio das equa\xe7\xf5es previamente apresentadas as novas tens\xf5es complexas em cada n\xf3 do sistema."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Na sequ\xeancia, esse conjunto de valores para as tens\xf5es em cada barra \xe9 utilizado para novamente calcular outro grupo de tens\xf5es. Cada c\xe1lculo de um novo conjunto de tens\xf5es \xe9 chamado itera\xe7\xe3o. O processo iterativo \xe9 repetido at\xe9 que as mudan\xe7as em todas as barras sejam menores do que um valor pr\xe9-estipulado, obtendo assim a converg\xeancia."),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"execu\xe7\xe3o-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu"},"Execu\xe7\xe3o do fluxo de carga no PSP-UFU"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Ap\xf3s a constru\xe7\xe3o do diagrama unifilar no ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"editor de pot\xeancia"),", a execu\xe7\xe3o do fluxo de carga \xe9 realizada no ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"menu Simula\xe7\xe3o")," clicando no bot\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Fluxo de carga"),"."),Object(n.b)("div",null,Object(n.b)("center",null,Object(n.b)("img",{src:Object(b.a)("images/menuSimulationPF.svg"),alt:"Menu Simula\xe7\xe3o",title:"Menu Simula\xe7\xe3o"}))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"})))),"Dica")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Caso o fluxo de carga tenha sido executado com sucesso, as setas de pot\xeancia ser\xe3o exibidas, a barra de status indicar\xe1 sucesso na opera\xe7\xe3o e os ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"text"}),"elementos de texto")," ser\xe3o atualizados."))),Object(n.b)("p",null,Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Outra possibilidade")," \xe9 a execu\xe7\xe3o por meio do c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo, tamb\xe9m presente no ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"menu Simula\xe7\xe3o")," e seu acionamento \xe9 realizado co clicar no bot\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Habilitar solu\xe7\xe3o"),". Com essa op\xe7\xe3o, os c\xe1lculos est\xe1ticos selecionados nas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o")," s\xe3o automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer par\xe2metros da rede, como dados el\xe9tricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remo\xe7\xe3o ou inser\xe7\xe3o)."),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Evite construir o circuito com o c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo habilitado, uma vez que configura\xe7\xf5es tempor\xe1rias podem levar a erros de execu\xe7\xe3o da simula\xe7\xe3o."),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Para desabilitar o c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo clique no bot\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Desabilitar solu\xe7\xe3o"),"."))),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Os resultados do fluxo de carga s\xe3o exibidos nos ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"text"}),"elementos de texto vinculado"),", ao posicionar o mouse sobre os elementos e em ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"tabularReport"}),"relat\xf3rios tabulares"),"."),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"erros-comuns-na-execu\xe7\xe3o-do-fluxo-de-carga"},"Erros comuns na execu\xe7\xe3o do fluxo de carga"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"A seguir s\xe3o apresentados os erros mais comuns relacionados ao fluxo de carga."),Object(n.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-o-n\xfamero-m\xe1ximo-de-itera\xe7\xf5es-foi-alcan\xe7ado"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "O n\xfamero m\xe1ximo de itera\xe7\xf5es foi alcan\xe7ado"'),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Essa mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida quando o m\xe9todo de solu\xe7\xe3o num\xe9rica selecionado nas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o")," atinge o n\xfamero m\xe1ximo de itera\xe7\xf5es inserido. As seguintes situa\xe7\xf5es podem ocasionar esse erro:"),Object(n.b)("ul",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros do circuito est\xe3o incorretos"),". caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o dos elementos el\xe9tricos sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum elemento possui par\xe2metros discrepantes dos demais"),". Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de imped\xe2ncia muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com imped\xe2ncia muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar \xe0 diverg\xeancia do m\xe9todo num\xe9rico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representa\xe7\xe3o desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos de solu\xe7\xe3o dispon\xedveis."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"O n\xfamero m\xe1ximo de itera\xe7\xf5es est\xe1 muito baixo"),". Alguns circuitos exigem um n\xfamero maior de itera\xe7\xf5es, portanto altere o valor do m\xe1ximo de itera\xe7\xf5es nas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),". Tamb\xe9m tente alternar entre os m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos de solu\xe7\xe3o dispon\xedveis."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros de simula\xe7\xe3o est\xe3o inadequados"),". Caso um par\xe2metro do m\xe9todo de solu\xe7\xe3o esteja inadequado, como fator de acelera\xe7\xe3o ou toler\xe2ncia, o c\xe1lculo pode n\xe3o alcan\xe7ar a converg\xeancia. Altere esses par\xe2metros nas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),".")),Object(n.b)("h4",{id:"os-dados-de-sa\xedda-s\xe3o-exibidos-como-nan-ou-nan"},'Os dados de sa\xedda s\xe3o exibidos como "NaN" ou "nan"'),Object(n.b)("p",null,'Isso ocorre devido a erros de opera\xe7\xf5es matem\xe1ticas nos c\xe1lculos de fluxo de carga. "NaN" significa ',Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"Not a Number"),"."),Object(n.b)("ul",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum barramento est\xe1 isolado"),". Esse erro \xe9 bastante comum e pode ocorrer ao inserir um barramento sem conect\xe1-lo ao sistema ou ao remover os elementos de ramo que conectam uma barra ao sistema. A solu\xe7\xe3o \xe9 eliminar essa barra do diagrama."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Os par\xe2metros do circuito est\xe3o incorretos"),". caso par\xe2metros muito fora dos valores padr\xe3o dos elementos el\xe9tricos sejam inseridos, o c\xe1lculo de fluxo de carga pode divergir. Verifique se os dados foram inseridos corretamente."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Algum elemento possui par\xe2metros discrepantes dos demais"),". Caso um dos elementos inseridos possua um valor de imped\xe2ncia muito distinto dos demais, como por exemplo uma linha com imped\xe2ncia muito elevada ou uma carga muito pequena, pode levar \xe0 diverg\xeancia do m\xe9todo num\xe9rico. Nesse caso, reconsidere a necessidade de representa\xe7\xe3o desses elementos no circuito e alterne entre os m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos de solu\xe7\xe3o dispon\xedveis.")),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"m\xe9todos-de-solu\xe7\xe3o-num\xe9rica-do-fluxo-de-carga-no-psp-ufu"},"M\xe9todos de solu\xe7\xe3o num\xe9rica do fluxo de carga no PSP-UFU"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Os m\xe9todos implementados no programa para solu\xe7\xe3o do problema de fluxo de carga no PSP-UFU s\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Gauss-Seidel (GS)")," e ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Newton-Raphson (NR)"),". Al\xe9m desses m\xe9todos cl\xe1ssicos, um m\xe9todo h\xedbrido pode ser utilizado (definido nas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),"), em que \xe9 utilizado inicialmente o GS e na sequ\xeancia o NR, aumentando a chance de converg\xeancia do NR."),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"gauss-seidel"},"Gauss-Seidel"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"O m\xe9todo de Gauss-Seidel tem sido bastante utilizado nas \xfaltimas d\xe9cadas para solu\xe7\xe3o do problema de fluxo de carga, uma vez que n\xe3o h\xe1 a necessidade de fatorar a matrizes, reduzindo o esfor\xe7o computacional. Atualmente, restri\xe7\xf5es computacionais s\xe3o menos problem\xe1ticas e outros m\xe9todos s\xe3o normalmente escolhidos, por\xe9m o Gauss-Seidel ainda possui valor did\xe1tico e, visto que o PSP-UFU tamb\xe9m possui fins educacionais, optou-se pela implementa\xe7\xe3o desse m\xe9todo."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Para iniciar as itera\xe7\xf5es do m\xe9todo s\xe3o necess\xe1rios valores iniciais para as tens\xf5es (",Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(n.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(n.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(n.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(n.b)("msubsup",{parentName:"mrow"},Object(n.b)("mover",Object(s.a)({parentName:"msubsup"},{accent:"true"}),Object(n.b)("mi",{parentName:"mover"},"V"),Object(n.b)("mo",{parentName:"mover"},"\u02d9")),Object(n.b)("mi",{parentName:"msubsup"},"i"),Object(n.b)("mn",{parentName:"msubsup"},"0"))),Object(n.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"\\dot{V}_i^0")))),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"1.178854em",verticalAlign:"-0.258664em"}})),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord accent"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-t"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.9201900000000001em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-3em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"3em"}})),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.22222em"}}),"V"))),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-3.25233em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"3em"}})),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"accent-body",style:{left:"-0.13889em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"\u02d9"))))))),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"msupsub"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.8141079999999999em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-2.441336em",marginRight:"0.05em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}})),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight"}),"i"))),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-3.063em",marginRight:"0.05em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}})),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mtight"}),"0")))),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-s"}),"\u200b")),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.258664em"}}),Object(n.b)("span",{parentName:"span"})))))))))),") que devem ser calculadas. 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tens\xe3o deixa de ser controlada partir de ent\xe3o."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"A verifica\xe7\xe3o de viola\xe7\xe3o e troca de tipo de barra pode ser realizada a cada itera\xe7\xe3o ou ao final da converg\xeancia do c\xe1lculo. No PSP-UFU foi implementada a \xfaltima estrat\xe9gia, uma vez que separa os conceitos de c\xe1lculo e de verifica\xe7\xe3o de limites, tornando mais f\xe1cil o desenvolvimento de novos m\xe9todos num\xe9ricos e limites. Nessa abordagem, ao ajustar o sistema para a nova situa\xe7\xe3o n\xe3o violadora o c\xe1lculo iterativo deve ser retomado at\xe9 que obtenha novamente a converg\xeancia."),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"refer\xeancias"},"Refer\xeancias"),Object(n.b)("ol",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"MONTICELLI, A. J. Fluxo de Carga em Redes de Energia El\xe9trica. S\xe3o Paulo: Edgar Bl\xfccher, 1983."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"STEVENSON JR.; WILLIAN, D. Elementos de An\xe1lise de Sistemas de Pot\xeancia. 2\xaa ed. S\xe3o Paulo: McGraw-Hill, 1986."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"MILANO, F. Power System Modelling and Scripting. London: Springer, 2010. doi: ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6"}),"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. doi: ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286"}),"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"TINNEY, W. F.; HART, C. E. Power Flow Solution by Newton\u2019s Method. IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, v. PAS-86, n. 11, nov. 1967. doi: ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1967.291823"}),"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1967.291823"))))}j.isMDXComponent=!0}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/99b37ce5.4b5eaab3.js b/docs/99b37ce5.8192d2cc.js similarity index 94% rename from docs/99b37ce5.4b5eaab3.js rename to docs/99b37ce5.8192d2cc.js index d0eb17d5..9aede796 100644 --- a/docs/99b37ce5.4b5eaab3.js +++ b/docs/99b37ce5.8192d2cc.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[33],{121:function(e,a,t){"use strict";var o=t(0),n=t(19);a.a=function(){const e=Object(o.useContext)(n.a);if(null===e)throw new Error("Docusaurus context not provided");return e}},122:function(e,a,t){"use strict";t.d(a,"a",(function(){return b})),t.d(a,"b",(function(){return p}));var o=t(0),n=t.n(o);function r(e,a,t){return a in e?Object.defineProperty(e,a,{value:t,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[a]=t,e}function c(e,a){var t=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var o=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);a&&(o=o.filter((function(a){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,a).enumerable}))),t.push.apply(t,o)}return t}function i(e){for(var a=1;a=0||(n[t]=e[t]);return n}(e,a);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var r=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);for(o=0;o=0||Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(e,t)&&(n[t]=e[t])}return n}var d=n.a.createContext({}),l=function(e){var a=n.a.useContext(d),t=a;return e&&(t="function"==typeof e?e(a):i(i({},a),e)),t},b=function(e){var a=l(e.components);return n.a.createElement(d.Provider,{value:a},e.children)},m={inlineCode:"code",wrapper:function(e){var a=e.children;return n.a.createElement(n.a.Fragment,{},a)}},u=n.a.forwardRef((function(e,a){var t=e.components,o=e.mdxType,r=e.originalType,c=e.parentName,d=s(e,["components","mdxType","originalType","parentName"]),b=l(t),u=o,p=b["".concat(c,".").concat(u)]||b[u]||m[u]||r;return t?n.a.createElement(p,i(i({ref:a},d),{},{components:t})):n.a.createElement(p,i({ref:a},d))}));function p(e,a){var t=arguments,o=a&&a.mdxType;if("string"==typeof e||o){var r=t.length,c=new Array(r);c[0]=u;var i={};for(var s in a)hasOwnProperty.call(a,s)&&(i[s]=a[s]);i.originalType=e,i.mdxType="string"==typeof e?e:o,c[1]=i;for(var d=2;dfunction(e,a,t,{forcePrependBaseUrl:o=!1,absolute:r=!1}={}){if(!t)return t;if(t.startsWith("#"))return t;if(Object(n.b)(t))return t;if(o)return a+t;const c=!t.startsWith(a)?a+t.replace(/^\//,""):t;return r?e+c:c}(a,e,t,o)}}function c(e,a={}){const{withBaseUrl:t}=r();return t(e,a)}},124:function(e,a,t){"use strict";function o(e){return!0===/^(\w*:|\/\/)/.test(e)}function n(e){return void 0!==e&&!o(e)}t.d(a,"b",(function(){return o})),t.d(a,"a",(function(){return n}))},125:function(e,a,t){"use strict";function o(e){var a,t,n="";if("string"==typeof e||"number"==typeof e)n+=e;else if("object"==typeof e)if(Array.isArray(e))for(a=0;aa.value===e)&&O(e)}const j=e=>{O(e),null!=m&&p(m,e)},v=[];return n.a.createElement("div",null,n.a.createElement("ul",{role:"tablist","aria-orientation":"horizontal",className:Object(c.a)("tabs",{"tabs--block":a})},b.map(({value:e,label:a})=>n.a.createElement("li",{role:"tab",tabIndex:0,"aria-selected":f===e,className:Object(c.a)("tabs__item",s.a.tabItem,{"tabs__item--active":f===e}),key:e,ref:e=>v.push(e),onKeyDown:e=>((e,a,t)=>{switch(t.keyCode){case l:((e,a)=>{const t=e.indexOf(a)+1;e[t]?e[t].focus():e[0].focus()})(e,a);break;case d:((e,a)=>{const t=e.indexOf(a)-1;e[t]?e[t].focus():e[e.length-1].focus()})(e,a)}})(v,e.target,e),onFocus:()=>j(e),onClick:()=>j(e)},a))),n.a.createElement("div",{role:"tabpanel",className:"margin-vert--md"},o.Children.toArray(t).filter(e=>e.props.value===f)[0]))}},129:function(e,a,t){"use strict";var o=t(0),n=t.n(o);a.a=function(e){return n.a.createElement("div",null,e.children)}},92:function(e,a,t){"use strict";t.r(a),t.d(a,"frontMatter",(function(){return d})),t.d(a,"metadata",(function(){return l})),t.d(a,"rightToc",(function(){return b})),t.d(a,"default",(function(){return u}));var o=t(2),n=t(6),r=(t(0),t(122)),c=t(123),i=t(128),s=t(129),d={id:"syncMotor",title:"Compensador S\xedncrono",sidebar_label:"Compensador S\xedncrono"},l={unversionedId:"syncMotor",id:"syncMotor",isDocsHomePage:!1,title:"Compensador S\xedncrono",description:"Uma m\xe1quina s\xedncrona operando sem carga mec\xe2nica e fornecendo ou absorvendo energia reativa. 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Podem ser inseridos quaisquer n\xfameros de caracteres no padr\xe3o ",Object(r.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"}),"Unicode"),"."),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Todos os componentes de pot\xeancia do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo."),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"pot\xeancia-nominal"},"Pot\xeancia nominal"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Pot\xeancia nominal do compensador, inserida em MVA, kVA ou VA."),Object(r.b)("p",null,'Esse campo \xe9 especialmente importante caso a op\xe7\xe3o "Utilizar a pot\xeancia nominal como base" esteja marcada.'),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"pot\xeancias-ativa-e-reativa"},"Pot\xeancias ativa e reativa"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Pot\xeancias ativa (inserida em W, kW, MW ou p.u.) e reativa (inserida em var, kvar, Mvar ou p.u.) do compensador."),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Caso a barra conectada seja PV o valor de pot\xeancia reativa ser\xe1 ignorado e caso seja de refer\xeancia ambos os valores inseridos ser\xe3o desprezados."),Object(r.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(r.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(r.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(r.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(r.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(r.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(r.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(r.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Caso mais de um compensador esteja conectado na mesma barra, os valores de pot\xeancia reativa (nas barras de refer\xeancia e PV) e ativa (nas barras de refer\xeancia) s\xe3o igualmente distribu\xeddas, respeitando os limites individuais de pot\xeancia reativa."))),Object(r.b)("h4",{id:"pot\xeancias-reativas-m\xe1xima-e-m\xednima"},"Pot\xeancias reativas m\xe1xima e m\xednima"),Object(r.b)("p",null,"Limites de pot\xeancia reativa m\xe1xima e m\xednima do compensador para controle de tens\xe3o em barras PV. 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Podem ser inseridos quaisquer n\xfameros de caracteres no padr\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"}),"Unicode"),"."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Todos os componentes de pot\xeancia do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo."),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"tens\xe3o-nominal"},"Tens\xe3o nominal"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Campo de informa\xe7\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"n\xe3o edit\xe1vel")," que apresenta a tens\xe3o prim\xe1ria e secund\xe1ria do transformador. 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Como qualquer falta assim\xe9trica provoca fluxo de corrente desequilibrada \xe9 necess\xe1rio empregar o m\xe9todo das componentes sim\xe9tricas. Esse m\xe9todo permite o estudo de sistemas balanceados em conjunto cargas desbalanceadas."),Object(m.b)("h2",{id:"execu\xe7\xe3o-do-c\xe1lculo-de-curto-circuito-no-psp-ufu"},"Execu\xe7\xe3o do c\xe1lculo de curto-circuito no PSP-UFU"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Existem duas formas de se calcular o curto-circuito no PSP-UFU:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Falta"),": Calcula a falta inserida nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"bus"}),"barras"),". Nesse tipo de c\xe1lculo \xe9 poss\xedvel calcular faltas ",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"li"},"shunt")," nos ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"bus"}),"barramentos")," balanceadas e desbalanceadas."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"N\xedvel de curto-circuito"),": Calcula o n\xedvel de curto-circuito (falta trif\xe1sica) em todos ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"bus"}),"barramentos")," do sistema.")),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Ap\xf3s a constru\xe7\xe3o do diagrama unifilar no ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"editor de pot\xeancia"),", a execu\xe7\xe3o do c\xe1lculo de curto-circuito \xe9 realizada no ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"menu Simula\xe7\xe3o")," clicando no bot\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Falta"),". Para calcular o n\xedvel de curto-circuito (falta trif\xe1sica) em todos ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"bus"}),"barramentos")," do sistema, basta clicar no bot\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"N\xedvel de curto-circuito"),"."),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(b.a)("images/menuSimulationFaulta.svg"),alt:"Execu\xe7\xe3o dos c\xe1lculos de curto-circuito",title:"Execu\xe7\xe3o dos c\xe1lculos de curto-circuito"}))),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"\xc9 poss\xedvel calcular as faltas sem a execu\xe7\xe3o do ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerFlow"}),"fluxo de carga"),", por\xe9m ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"n\xe3o \xe9 recomend\xe1vel"),", visto que os valores das correntes de falta s\xe3o significativamente alteradas."))),Object(m.b)("p",null,Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Outra possibilidade")," \xe9 a execu\xe7\xe3o por meio do c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo, tamb\xe9m presente no ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"menu Simula\xe7\xe3o")," e seu acionamento \xe9 realizado co clicar no bot\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Habilitar solu\xe7\xe3o"),". Com essa op\xe7\xe3o, os c\xe1lculos est\xe1ticos selecionados nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o")," s\xe3o automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer par\xe2metros da rede, como dados el\xe9tricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remo\xe7\xe3o ou inser\xe7\xe3o)."),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado!")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Os c\xe1lculos de curtos-circuitos n\xe3o s\xe3o habilitados por padr\xe3o no c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo e devem ser inseridos nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),"."))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Os resultados do c\xe1lculo de curto-circuito s\xe3o exibidos nos ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"text"}),"elementos de texto vinculado"),", ao posicionar o mouse sobre os barramentos e em ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"tabularReport"}),"relat\xf3rios tabulares"),"."),Object(m.b)("h3",{id:"erros-comuns-na-execu\xe7\xe3o-do-c\xe1lculo-de-curto-circuito"},"Erros comuns na execu\xe7\xe3o do c\xe1lculo de curto-circuito"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"A seguir s\xe3o apresentados os erros mais comuns relacionados ao calculo de curto-circuito."),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-falha-ao-inverter-a-matriz-admit\xe2ncia-de-sequ\xeancia-zero"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "Falha ao inverter a matriz admit\xe2ncia de sequ\xeancia zero"'),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Impossibilidade de circula\xe7\xe3o da corrente de sequ\xeancia zero"),". Caso o gerador n\xe3o seja aterrado, n\xe3o circular\xe1 corrente de sequ\xeancia zero por ele. Nesse caso, dependendo da conex\xe3o do transformador pr\xf3ximo ao gerador sem aterramento, a matriz admit\xe2ncia de sequ\xeancia zero \xe9 singular. Para contornar esse problema escolha uma das duas solu\xe7\xf5es abaixo:",Object(m.b)("ul",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},'Marque a op\xe7\xe3o "Neutro aterrado" e insira um alto valor de reat\xe2ncia de aterramento (',Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"j"),Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"9999"),Object(m.b)("mtext",{parentName:"mrow"},"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"p"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(s.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),"."),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"u"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(s.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),".")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"j9999~p.u.")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.85396em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.05724em"}}),"j"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"9"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"9"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"9"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"9"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mspace nobreak"}),"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"p"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"u"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."))))),", por exemplo);"),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Ou, na barra do gerador, insira um reator de baixo valor de pot\xeancia reativa (",Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"1"),Object(m.b)("mo",Object(s.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{separator:"true",lspace:"0em",rspace:"0em"}),","),Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"0"),Object(m.b)("mtext",{parentName:"mrow"},"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"v"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"a"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"r")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"1{,}0~var")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8388800000000001em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"1"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mpunct"}),",")),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mspace nobreak"}),"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.03588em"}}),"v"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"a"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"}}),"r"))))),", por exemplo).")))),Object(m.b)("h2",{id:"o-c\xe1lculo-de-curto-circuito"},"O c\xe1lculo de curto-circuito"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Como j\xe1 foi apresentado anteriormente, as faltas que ocorrem com maior frequ\xeancia em sistemas de pot\xeancia s\xe3o assim\xe9tricas. Como qualquer falta assim\xe9trica provoca fluxo de corrente desequilibrada \xe9 necess\xe1rio empregar o m\xe9todo das componentes sim\xe9tricas. Esse m\xe9todo permite o estudo de sistemas balanceados com cargas desbalanceadas."),Object(m.b)("h3",{id:"m\xe9todo-das-componentes-sim\xe9tricas"},"M\xe9todo das componentes sim\xe9tricas"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Esse m\xe9todo proposto por C. L. Fortescue, permite definir um sistema de n fasores desbalanceados em n \u2013 1 sistemas de n fases balanceados e um sistema de fase zero. O sistema de fase zero \xe9 definido por todas as fases de mesmo m\xf3dulo e \xe2ngulo.\nPara um sistema trif\xe1sico pode-se definir tr\xeas componentes de sequ\xeancia:"),Object(m.b)("ol",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Componentes de sequ\xeancia positiva, constituindo em tr\xeas fasores iguais em m\xf3dulo, 120\xba defasados entre si, e tendo a mesma sequ\xeancia de fase que os fasores originais;"),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Componentes de sequ\xeancia negativa, constituindo em tr\xeas fasores iguais em m\xf3dulo, 120\xba defasados entre si, e tendo a sequ\xeancia de fase oposta \xe0 dos fasores originais."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Componentes de sequ\xeancia zero, constituindo em tr\xeas fasores iguais em m\xf3dulo e com defasagem nula entre si.")),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Com isso pode-se decompor as tens\xf5es de fase em componentes sim\xe9tricas pelas seguintes equa\xe7\xf5es:"),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"math 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AIEE, v. 37, p.1027-1140, 1918. doi: ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1918.4765570"}),"https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1918.4765570")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"ANDERSON, P. M. Analysis of faulted power systems. 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Como qualquer falta assim\xe9trica provoca fluxo de corrente desequilibrada \xe9 necess\xe1rio empregar o m\xe9todo das componentes sim\xe9tricas. Esse m\xe9todo permite o estudo de sistemas balanceados em conjunto cargas desbalanceadas."),Object(m.b)("h2",{id:"execu\xe7\xe3o-do-c\xe1lculo-de-curto-circuito-no-psp-ufu"},"Execu\xe7\xe3o do c\xe1lculo de curto-circuito no PSP-UFU"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Existem duas formas de se calcular o curto-circuito no PSP-UFU:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Falta"),": Calcula a falta inserida nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"bus"}),"barras"),". Nesse tipo de c\xe1lculo \xe9 poss\xedvel calcular faltas ",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"li"},"shunt")," nos ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"bus"}),"barramentos")," balanceadas e desbalanceadas."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"N\xedvel de curto-circuito"),": Calcula o n\xedvel de curto-circuito (falta trif\xe1sica) em todos ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"bus"}),"barramentos")," do sistema.")),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Ap\xf3s a constru\xe7\xe3o do diagrama unifilar no ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"editor de pot\xeancia"),", a execu\xe7\xe3o do c\xe1lculo de curto-circuito \xe9 realizada no ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"menu Simula\xe7\xe3o")," clicando no bot\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Falta"),". Para calcular o n\xedvel de curto-circuito (falta trif\xe1sica) em todos ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"bus"}),"barramentos")," do sistema, basta clicar no bot\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"N\xedvel de curto-circuito"),"."),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(b.a)("images/menuSimulationFaulta.svg"),alt:"Execu\xe7\xe3o dos c\xe1lculos de curto-circuito",title:"Execu\xe7\xe3o dos c\xe1lculos de curto-circuito"}))),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"\xc9 poss\xedvel calcular as faltas sem a execu\xe7\xe3o do ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerFlow"}),"fluxo de carga"),", por\xe9m ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"n\xe3o \xe9 recomend\xe1vel"),", visto que os valores das correntes de falta s\xe3o significativamente alteradas."))),Object(m.b)("p",null,Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Outra possibilidade")," \xe9 a execu\xe7\xe3o por meio do c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo, tamb\xe9m presente no ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"menu Simula\xe7\xe3o")," e seu acionamento \xe9 realizado co clicar no bot\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Habilitar solu\xe7\xe3o"),". Com essa op\xe7\xe3o, os c\xe1lculos est\xe1ticos selecionados nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o")," s\xe3o automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer par\xe2metros da rede, como dados el\xe9tricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remo\xe7\xe3o ou inser\xe7\xe3o)."),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado!")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Os c\xe1lculos de curtos-circuitos n\xe3o s\xe3o habilitados por padr\xe3o no c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo e devem ser inseridos nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),"."))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Os resultados do c\xe1lculo de curto-circuito s\xe3o exibidos nos ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"text"}),"elementos de texto vinculado"),", ao posicionar o mouse sobre os barramentos e em ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"tabularReport"}),"relat\xf3rios tabulares"),"."),Object(m.b)("h3",{id:"erros-comuns-na-execu\xe7\xe3o-do-c\xe1lculo-de-curto-circuito"},"Erros comuns na execu\xe7\xe3o do c\xe1lculo de curto-circuito"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"A seguir s\xe3o apresentados os erros mais comuns relacionados ao calculo de curto-circuito."),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"a-seguinte-mensagem-de-erro-\xe9-exibida-falha-ao-inverter-a-matriz-admit\xe2ncia-de-sequ\xeancia-zero"},'A seguinte mensagem de erro \xe9 exibida: "Falha ao inverter a matriz admit\xe2ncia de sequ\xeancia zero"'),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Impossibilidade de circula\xe7\xe3o da corrente de sequ\xeancia zero"),". Caso o gerador n\xe3o seja aterrado, n\xe3o circular\xe1 corrente de sequ\xeancia zero por ele. Nesse caso, dependendo da conex\xe3o do transformador pr\xf3ximo ao gerador sem aterramento, a matriz admit\xe2ncia de sequ\xeancia zero \xe9 singular. Para contornar esse problema escolha uma das duas solu\xe7\xf5es abaixo:",Object(m.b)("ul",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},'Marque a op\xe7\xe3o "Neutro aterrado" e insira um alto valor de reat\xe2ncia de aterramento (',Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"j"),Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"9999"),Object(m.b)("mtext",{parentName:"mrow"},"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"p"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(s.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),"."),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"u"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(s.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),".")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"j9999~p.u.")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.85396em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.05724em"}}),"j"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"9"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"9"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"9"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"9"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mspace nobreak"}),"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"p"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"u"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"."))))),", por exemplo);"),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Ou, na barra do gerador, insira um reator de baixo valor de pot\xeancia reativa (",Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"1"),Object(m.b)("mo",Object(s.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{separator:"true",lspace:"0em",rspace:"0em"}),","),Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"0"),Object(m.b)("mtext",{parentName:"mrow"},"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"v"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"a"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"mrow"},"r")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"1{,}0~var")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.8388800000000001em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"1"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mpunct"}),",")),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mspace nobreak"}),"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.03588em"}}),"v"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"a"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault",style:{marginRight:"0.02778em"}}),"r"))))),", por exemplo).")))),Object(m.b)("h2",{id:"o-c\xe1lculo-de-curto-circuito"},"O c\xe1lculo de curto-circuito"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Como j\xe1 foi apresentado anteriormente, as faltas que ocorrem com maior frequ\xeancia em sistemas de pot\xeancia s\xe3o assim\xe9tricas. Como qualquer falta assim\xe9trica provoca fluxo de corrente desequilibrada \xe9 necess\xe1rio empregar o m\xe9todo das componentes sim\xe9tricas. Esse m\xe9todo permite o estudo de sistemas balanceados com cargas desbalanceadas."),Object(m.b)("h3",{id:"m\xe9todo-das-componentes-sim\xe9tricas"},"M\xe9todo das componentes sim\xe9tricas"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Esse m\xe9todo proposto por C. L. Fortescue, permite definir um sistema de n fasores desbalanceados em n \u2013 1 sistemas de n fases balanceados e um sistema de fase zero. O sistema de fase zero \xe9 definido por todas as fases de mesmo m\xf3dulo e \xe2ngulo.\nPara um sistema trif\xe1sico pode-se definir tr\xeas componentes de sequ\xeancia:"),Object(m.b)("ol",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Componentes de sequ\xeancia positiva, constituindo em tr\xeas fasores iguais em m\xf3dulo, 120\xba defasados entre si, e tendo a mesma sequ\xeancia de fase que os fasores originais;"),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Componentes de sequ\xeancia negativa, constituindo em tr\xeas fasores iguais em m\xf3dulo, 120\xba defasados entre si, e tendo a sequ\xeancia de fase oposta \xe0 dos fasores originais."),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"Componentes de sequ\xeancia zero, constituindo em tr\xeas fasores iguais em m\xf3dulo e com defasagem nula entre si.")),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Com isso pode-se decompor as tens\xf5es de fase em componentes sim\xe9tricas pelas seguintes equa\xe7\xf5es:"),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"math 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A edi\xe7\xe3o dos dados el\xe9tricos \xe9 feita por meio de formul\xe1rios de dados acessados clicando duas vezes sobre os elementos."),Object(n.b)("div",null,Object(n.b)("center",null,Object(n.b)("img",{src:Object(i.a)("images/workspace.png"),alt:"\xc1rea de Trabalho",title:"\xc1rea de Trabalho"}))),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"barra-de-status"},"Barra de Status"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"A barra de status \xe9 respons\xe1vel por informa\xe7\xf5es interessantes sobre as circunst\xe2ncias atuais do programa: modo de opera\xe7\xe3o do mouse (editar, mover, arrastar), zoom aplicado e posi\xe7\xe3o do mouse na \xe1rea de trabalho, al\xe9m de dados sobre as a\xe7\xf5es dos usu\xe1rios, como: inser\xe7\xe3o de elementos, informa\xe7\xe3o sobre copiar e colar, etc."),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"})))),"Dica")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Sempre fique atendo \xe0 barra de status"),", pois s\xe3o fornecidas informa\xe7\xf5es importantes acerca da opera\xe7\xe3o do programa. Caso tenha alguma d\xfavida siga as instru\xe7\xf5es apresentadas nesse componente."))),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"configura\xe7\xf5es-gerais"},"Configura\xe7\xf5es gerais"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"As configura\xe7\xf5es gerais do programa s\xe3o acessadas no submenu Ribbon ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Arquivo"),". Essas configura\xe7\xf5es s\xe3o aplicadas para todos os projetos e permanecem gravadas no disco."),Object(n.b)("div",null,Object(n.b)("center",null,Object(n.b)("img",{src:Object(i.a)("images/generalSettings.png"),alt:"Configura\xe7\xf5es gerais",title:"Configura\xe7\xf5es gerais"}))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Algumas configura\xe7\xf5es de seguran\xe7a do seu computador (principalmente em sistemas Windows) podem gerar uma mensagem de erro ao confirmar as altera\xe7\xf5es das configura\xe7\xf5es gerais."),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Para resolver esse problema basta ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"executar o PSP-UFU como administrador")," (clicar com bot\xe3o direito no atalho do programa e posteriormente em executar como administrador). Altere novamente as configura\xe7\xf5es e reinicie o programa."))),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"idioma"},"Idioma"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Atualmente os seguintes idiomas est\xe3o dispon\xedveis no PSP-UFU:"),Object(n.b)("ul",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Ingl\xeas"),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Portugu\xeas")),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"Informa\xe7\xe3o")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O programa deve ser reiniciado para surtir efeito da altera\xe7\xe3o do idioma."))),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"renderiza\xe7\xe3o"},"Renderiza\xe7\xe3o"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Define como os elementos gr\xe1ficos do ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"editor de pot\xeancia")," e do ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"controlEditor"}),"editor de controle")," s\xe3o desenhados na tela. Atualmente duas op\xe7\xf5es est\xe3o dispon\xedveis:"),Object(n.b)("ul",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://www.opengl.org/about/"}),"OpenGL")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://docs.wxwidgets.org/3.0/classwx_graphics_context.html"}),"Device Context"))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado!")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},'o OpenGL pode n\xe3o ser suportado pelo seu computador. Nesse caso, ao criar um novo projeto a tela de trabalho n\xe3o \xe9 exibida ou \xe9 exibida uma tela preta. A solu\xe7\xe3o \xe9 alterar o renderizador para "Device Context". '),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Caso apare\xe7a uma mensagem de erro, execute o programa como administrador e repita o processo."))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"Informa\xe7\xe3o")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O programa deve ser reiniciado para surtir efeito de altera\xe7\xe3o do renderizador."))),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"arquivos-de-projeto-do-psp-ufu"},"Arquivos de projeto do PSP-UFU"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"As op\xe7\xf5es de cria\xe7\xe3o, grava\xe7\xe3o e abertura de projetos no disco, assim como importa\xe7\xe3o de arquivos de outros programas est\xe3o presentes no submenu Ribbon ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Arquivo"),"."),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"novo-projeto"},"Novo projeto"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"A cria\xe7\xe3o de um novo projeto \xe9 realizada clicando no bot\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Novo projeto")," no ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"submenu ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"Arquivo")),". Essa a\xe7\xe3o cria um sistema em branco na \xe1rea de trabalho, local onde \xe9 poss\xedvel inserir os elementos el\xe9tricos por meio do ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"submenu ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"Ferramentas"))," ou pelas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor#teclas-de-atalho"}),"teclas de atalho"),"."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Esse sistema em branco pode ser ciado utilizando o ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"Editor de Pot\xeancia"),"."),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"salvar-e-salvar-como"},"Salvar e Salvar como..."),Object(n.b)("p",null,'A op\xe7\xe3o "Salvar" sobrep\xf5e as altera\xe7\xf5es realizadas no projeto aberto e grava no disco. A op\xe7\xe3o "Salvar como..." cria um novo arquivo e grava o projeto no disco com o aux\xedlio de uma janela de sele\xe7\xe3o de pasta (e defini\xe7\xe3o do nome do arquivo).'),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"Informa\xe7\xe3o")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},'Para projetos que est\xe3o sendo gravados pela primeira vez a op\xe7\xe3o "Salvar" se comporta de forma id\xeantica \xe0 op\xe7\xe3o "Salvar como...".'))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"})))),"Dica")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O PSP-UFU grava os arquivos com a extens\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},".psp"),". Esses arquivos nada mais s\xe3o que arquivos de texto utilizando a ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language"}),"linguagem de marca\xe7\xe3o")," XML (",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"}),"eXtensible Markup Language"),"), que define uma s\xe9rie de regras de formata\xe7\xe3o dos dados de forma que eles s\xe3o tanto leg\xedveis por humanos quanto por m\xe1quinas."),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Portanto, os dados el\xe9tricos contidos neles podem ser facilmente identificados e alterados, caso necess\xe1rio."))),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"abrir-projeto"},"Abrir projeto"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Essa op\xe7\xe3o abre os projetos gravados no disco por meio com o aux\xedlio de uma janela de sele\xe7\xe3o de arquivos. "),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"importar-projeto"},"Importar projeto"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"O PSP-UFU permite a importa\xe7\xe3o de arquivos dos seguintes programas:"),Object(n.b)("ul",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"http://www.cepel.br/pt_br/produtos/programas-computacionais-por-categoria/menu/anarede-analise-de-redes-eletricas.htm"}),"ANAREDE")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://matpower.org/"}),"Matpower"))),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Para importa\xe7\xe3o dos arquivos do ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"ANAREDE")," s\xe3o utilizados tanto o arquivo de dados el\xe9tricos (",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},".pwf"),") quanto de dados gr\xe1ficos dos elementos (",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},".lst"),")."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Uma vez que o arquivo do ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Matpower")," (",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},".m"),") n\xe3o possui dados gr\xe1ficos dos elementos el\xe9tricos, o diagrama unifilar \xe9 automaticamente gerado pelo PSP-UFU ao import\xe1-lo."),Object(n.b)("h4",{id:"gera\xe7\xe3o-autom\xe1tica-do-layout-de-diagramas-unifilares"},"Gera\xe7\xe3o autom\xe1tica do ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"h4"},"layout")," de diagramas unifilares"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Para criar o ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"layout")," autom\xe1tico, utilizou-se a teoria dos grafos baseada no posicionamento direcionado \xe0 for\xe7a e aplica\xe7\xe3o de grafos com arestas ponderadas. De acordo com a teoria dos grafos, o sistema \xe9 modelado como v\xe9rtices e arestas. Nesse contexto, os barramentos s\xe3o os v\xe9rtices e os ramos do sistema (linhas e transformadores) s\xe3o as arestas. As localiza\xe7\xf5es de elementos de deriva\xe7\xe3o, assim como os n\xf3s dos elementos, s\xe3o automaticamente controladas pelo PSP-UFU."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"A ferramenta de ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"layout")," autom\xe1tico \xe9 composta por um processo iterativo e os resultados s\xe3o mais refinados com um n\xfamero maior de itera\xe7\xf5es. Os melhores resultados s\xe3o obtidos utilizando o n\xfamero de itera\xe7\xf5es igual ou superior a cinco vezes o n\xfamero de barramentos do sistema."),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"layout")," autom\xe1tico ainda est\xe1 em desenvolvimento e algumas melhorias podem ser feitas para evitar cruzamentos e sobreposi\xe7\xf5es, por\xe9m, em seu estado atual, \xe9 totalmente funcional e satisfat\xf3rio."))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"})))),"Dica")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Uma vez que o Matpower pode converter os formatos CDF (",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"Common Data Format"),") e PSS/E RAW para arquivos ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},".m"),", estes podem ser importados de forma indireta para o PSP-UFU."))))}m.isMDXComponent=!0}}]); 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na ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"\xc1rea de Trabalho")," s\xe3o criados os diagramas unifilares de pot\xeancia; e na ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Barra de Status")," s\xe3o exibidas importantes informa\xe7\xf5es acerca do estado da \xc1rea de Trabalho."),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"menu-ribbon"},"Menu Ribbon"),Object(n.b)("blockquote",null,Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"blockquote"},"Em inform\xe1tica o ribbon (faixa, em ingl\xeas) \xe9 um formato de apresenta\xe7\xe3o de interface baseada na GUI onde a barra de ferramentas \xe9 mostrada atrav\xe9s de uma barra mais larga com icones maiores possibilitando o uso dos aplicativos por dispositivos ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"touch screen"),".\n",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_(inform%C3%A1tica)"}),"Wikipedia"))),Object(n.b)("p",null,"O menu Ribbon \xe9 composto de tr\xeas submenus: \u201cArquivo\u201d, \u201cFerramentas\u201d e \u201cSimula\xe7\xe3o\u201d."),Object(n.b)("div",null,Object(n.b)("center",null,Object(n.b)("img",{src:Object(i.a)("images/menuFile.png"),alt:"Menu Arquivo",title:"Menu Arquivo"}))),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Em ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Arquivo")," est\xe3o as ferramentas gerais do programa, as quais permitem ao usu\xe1rio criar e salvar novos projetos, al\xe9m daquelas que possibilitam carregar os projetos j\xe1 existentes e importar arquivos de outros programas. 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Caso tenha alguma d\xfavida siga as instru\xe7\xf5es apresentadas nesse componente."))),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"configura\xe7\xf5es-gerais"},"Configura\xe7\xf5es gerais"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"As configura\xe7\xf5es gerais do programa s\xe3o acessadas no submenu Ribbon ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Arquivo"),". Essas configura\xe7\xf5es s\xe3o aplicadas para todos os projetos e permanecem gravadas no disco."),Object(n.b)("div",null,Object(n.b)("center",null,Object(n.b)("img",{src:Object(i.a)("images/generalSettings.png"),alt:"Configura\xe7\xf5es gerais",title:"Configura\xe7\xf5es gerais"}))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Algumas configura\xe7\xf5es de seguran\xe7a do seu computador (principalmente em sistemas Windows) podem gerar uma mensagem de erro ao confirmar as altera\xe7\xf5es das configura\xe7\xf5es gerais."),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Para resolver esse problema basta ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"executar o PSP-UFU como administrador")," (clicar com bot\xe3o direito no atalho do programa e posteriormente em executar como administrador). Altere novamente as configura\xe7\xf5es e reinicie o programa."))),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"idioma"},"Idioma"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Atualmente os seguintes idiomas est\xe3o dispon\xedveis no PSP-UFU:"),Object(n.b)("ul",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Ingl\xeas"),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Portugu\xeas")),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"Informa\xe7\xe3o")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O programa deve ser reiniciado para surtir efeito da altera\xe7\xe3o do idioma."))),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"renderiza\xe7\xe3o"},"Renderiza\xe7\xe3o"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Define como os elementos gr\xe1ficos do ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"editor de pot\xeancia")," e do ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"controlEditor"}),"editor de controle")," s\xe3o desenhados na tela. Atualmente duas op\xe7\xf5es est\xe3o dispon\xedveis:"),Object(n.b)("ul",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://www.opengl.org/about/"}),"OpenGL")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://docs.wxwidgets.org/3.0/classwx_graphics_context.html"}),"Device Context"))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado!")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},'o OpenGL pode n\xe3o ser suportado pelo seu computador. Nesse caso, ao criar um novo projeto a tela de trabalho n\xe3o \xe9 exibida ou \xe9 exibida uma tela preta. A solu\xe7\xe3o \xe9 alterar o renderizador para "Device Context". '),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Caso apare\xe7a uma mensagem de erro, execute o programa como administrador e repita o processo."))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"Informa\xe7\xe3o")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O programa deve ser reiniciado para surtir efeito de altera\xe7\xe3o do renderizador."))),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"arquivos-de-projeto-do-psp-ufu"},"Arquivos de projeto do PSP-UFU"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"As op\xe7\xf5es de cria\xe7\xe3o, grava\xe7\xe3o e abertura de projetos no disco, assim como importa\xe7\xe3o de arquivos de outros programas est\xe3o presentes no submenu Ribbon ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Arquivo"),"."),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"novo-projeto"},"Novo projeto"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"A cria\xe7\xe3o de um novo projeto \xe9 realizada clicando no bot\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Novo projeto")," no ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"submenu ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"Arquivo")),". Essa a\xe7\xe3o cria um sistema em branco na \xe1rea de trabalho, local onde \xe9 poss\xedvel inserir os elementos el\xe9tricos por meio do ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"submenu ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"a"},"Ferramentas"))," ou pelas ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor#teclas-de-atalho"}),"teclas de atalho"),"."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Esse sistema em branco pode ser ciado utilizando o ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"Editor de Pot\xeancia"),"."),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"salvar-e-salvar-como"},"Salvar e Salvar como..."),Object(n.b)("p",null,'A op\xe7\xe3o "Salvar" sobrep\xf5e as altera\xe7\xf5es realizadas no projeto aberto e grava no disco. A op\xe7\xe3o "Salvar como..." cria um novo arquivo e grava o projeto no disco com o aux\xedlio de uma janela de sele\xe7\xe3o de pasta (e defini\xe7\xe3o do nome do arquivo).'),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"Informa\xe7\xe3o")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},'Para projetos que est\xe3o sendo gravados pela primeira vez a op\xe7\xe3o "Salvar" se comporta de forma id\xeantica \xe0 op\xe7\xe3o "Salvar como...".'))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"})))),"Dica")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O PSP-UFU grava os arquivos com a extens\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},".psp"),". Esses arquivos nada mais s\xe3o que arquivos de texto utilizando a ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language"}),"linguagem de marca\xe7\xe3o")," XML (",Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"}),"eXtensible Markup Language"),"), que define uma s\xe9rie de regras de formata\xe7\xe3o dos dados de forma que eles s\xe3o tanto leg\xedveis por humanos quanto por m\xe1quinas."),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Portanto, os dados el\xe9tricos contidos neles podem ser facilmente identificados e alterados, caso necess\xe1rio."))),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"abrir-projeto"},"Abrir projeto"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Essa op\xe7\xe3o abre os projetos gravados no disco por meio com o aux\xedlio de uma janela de sele\xe7\xe3o de arquivos. "),Object(n.b)("h3",{id:"importar-projeto"},"Importar projeto"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"O PSP-UFU permite a importa\xe7\xe3o de arquivos dos seguintes programas:"),Object(n.b)("ul",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"http://www.cepel.br/pt_br/produtos/programas-computacionais-por-categoria/menu/anarede-analise-de-redes-eletricas.htm"}),"ANAREDE")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(n.b)("a",Object(o.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://matpower.org/"}),"Matpower"))),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Para importa\xe7\xe3o dos arquivos do ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"ANAREDE")," s\xe3o utilizados tanto o arquivo de dados el\xe9tricos (",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},".pwf"),") quanto de dados gr\xe1ficos dos elementos (",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},".lst"),")."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Uma vez que o arquivo do ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Matpower")," (",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},".m"),") n\xe3o possui dados gr\xe1ficos dos elementos el\xe9tricos, o diagrama unifilar \xe9 automaticamente gerado pelo PSP-UFU ao import\xe1-lo."),Object(n.b)("h4",{id:"gera\xe7\xe3o-autom\xe1tica-do-layout-de-diagramas-unifilares"},"Gera\xe7\xe3o autom\xe1tica do ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"h4"},"layout")," de diagramas unifilares"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Para criar o ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"layout")," autom\xe1tico, utilizou-se a teoria dos grafos baseada no posicionamento direcionado \xe0 for\xe7a e aplica\xe7\xe3o de grafos com arestas ponderadas. De acordo com a teoria dos grafos, o sistema \xe9 modelado como v\xe9rtices e arestas. Nesse contexto, os barramentos s\xe3o os v\xe9rtices e os ramos do sistema (linhas e transformadores) s\xe3o as arestas. As localiza\xe7\xf5es de elementos de deriva\xe7\xe3o, assim como os n\xf3s dos elementos, s\xe3o automaticamente controladas pelo PSP-UFU."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"A ferramenta de ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"layout")," autom\xe1tico \xe9 composta por um processo iterativo e os resultados s\xe3o mais refinados com um n\xfamero maior de itera\xe7\xf5es. Os melhores resultados s\xe3o obtidos utilizando o n\xfamero de itera\xe7\xf5es igual ou superior a cinco vezes o n\xfamero de barramentos do sistema."),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O ",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"layout")," autom\xe1tico ainda est\xe1 em desenvolvimento e algumas melhorias podem ser feitas para evitar cruzamentos e sobreposi\xe7\xf5es, por\xe9m, em seu estado atual, \xe9 totalmente funcional e satisfat\xf3rio."))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-tip alert alert--success"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(o.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(o.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(o.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(o.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 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-

2019w42a-beta

  • Harmonic study implemented;
  • Autolayout from importation implemented;
  • Importation of Matpower files;
  • Several minor bugfixes.
- - - - - - - - +
+

2019w42a-beta

  • 🔥 Harmonic study implemented;
  • 🔥 Autolayout from importation implemented;
  • 🔥 Importation of Matpower files;
  • 🐛 Several minor bugfixes.
+ + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/blog/2019w44a-beta/index.html b/docs/blog/2019w44a-beta/index.html index 24ad7bb8..18ad3aad 100644 --- a/docs/blog/2019w44a-beta/index.html +++ b/docs/blog/2019w44a-beta/index.html @@ -3,27 +3,27 @@ - -22019w44a-beta | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - + +22019w44a-beta | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + -
-

22019w44a-beta

  • Minor changes to 32bit MSW version for compatibility;
  • Travis CI (Continuous Integration) implemented (Linux).
- - - - - - - - +
+

22019w44a-beta

  • ✔️ Minor changes to 32bit MSW version for compatibility;
  • ✔️ Travis CI (Continuous Integration) implemented (Linux).
+ + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/blog/2020w24a-beta/index.html b/docs/blog/2020w24a-beta/index.html index d42f57c7..e870976f 100644 --- a/docs/blog/2020w24a-beta/index.html +++ b/docs/blog/2020w24a-beta/index.html @@ -3,27 +3,27 @@ - -2020w24a-beta | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - + +2020w24a-beta | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + -
-

2020w24a-beta

  • Device context render implemented (to avoid use OpenGL - some machines can't use it properly);
  • Added Visual Studio solution to the GitHub project;
  • Several major and minor bugfixes.
- - - - - - - - +
+

2020w24a-beta

  • ✔️ Device context render implemented (to avoid use OpenGL - some machines can't use it properly);
  • ✔️ Added Visual Studio solution to the GitHub project;
  • 🐛 Several major and minor bugfixes.
+ + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/blog/2020w28a-beta/index.html b/docs/blog/2020w28a-beta/index.html index 4b1bad07..82488719 100644 --- a/docs/blog/2020w28a-beta/index.html +++ b/docs/blog/2020w28a-beta/index.html @@ -3,27 +3,27 @@ - -2020w28a-beta | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - + +2020w28a-beta | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + -
-

2020w28a-beta

  • Voltage heatmap implemented (OpenGL enabled);
  • Several major and minor bugfixes.
- - - - - - - - +
+

2020w28a-beta

  • 🔥 Voltage heatmap implemented (OpenGL enabled);
  • 🐛 Several major and minor bugfixes.
+ + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/blog/2020w31a-beta/index.html b/docs/blog/2020w31a-beta/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5c3cf638 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/blog/2020w31a-beta/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + + + + + + +2020w31a-beta | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + +
+

2020w31a-beta

  • 🔥 PSP-UFU online user guide finally written (only in Brazilian Portuguese, if you want to help me translate this guide, contact-me on GitHub or Twitter);
  • ✔️ New fancy PSP-UFU website and changelog using docusaurus;
  • ✔️ Text element performance improved for OpenGL render;
  • 🐛 Several major and minor bug fixes.
+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/blog/index.html b/docs/blog/index.html index 9482ec2c..ff031d98 100644 --- a/docs/blog/index.html +++ b/docs/blog/index.html @@ -3,35 +3,37 @@ - -Blog | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - - - + +Blog | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + + + + -
-

2020w28a-beta

  • Voltage heatmap implemented (OpenGL enabled);
  • Several major and minor bugfixes.

2020w24a-beta

  • Device context render implemented (to avoid use OpenGL - some machines can't use it properly);
  • Added Visual Studio solution to the GitHub project;
  • Several major and minor bugfixes.

22019w44a-beta

  • Minor changes to 32bit MSW version for compatibility;
  • Travis CI (Continuous Integration) implemented (Linux).

2019w42a-beta

  • Harmonic study implemented;
  • Autolayout from importation implemented;
  • Importation of Matpower files;
  • Several minor bugfixes.
- - - - - - - - - - - - +
+

2020w31a-beta

  • 🔥 PSP-UFU online user guide finally written (only in Brazilian Portuguese, if you want to help me translate this guide, contact-me on GitHub or Twitter);
  • ✔️ New fancy PSP-UFU website and changelog using docusaurus;
  • ✔️ Text element performance improved for OpenGL render;
  • 🐛 Several major and minor bug fixes.

2020w28a-beta

  • 🔥 Voltage heatmap implemented (OpenGL enabled);
  • 🐛 Several major and minor bugfixes.

2020w24a-beta

  • ✔️ Device context render implemented (to avoid use OpenGL - some machines can't use it properly);
  • ✔️ Added Visual Studio solution to the GitHub project;
  • 🐛 Several major and minor bugfixes.

22019w44a-beta

  • ✔️ Minor changes to 32bit MSW version for compatibility;
  • ✔️ Travis CI (Continuous Integration) implemented (Linux).

2019w42a-beta

  • 🔥 Harmonic study implemented;
  • 🔥 Autolayout from importation implemented;
  • 🔥 Importation of Matpower files;
  • 🐛 Several minor bugfixes.
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/blog/tags/index.html b/docs/blog/tags/index.html index 55266abf..1682107c 100644 --- a/docs/blog/tags/index.html +++ b/docs/blog/tags/index.html @@ -3,25 +3,25 @@ - -Tags | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - + +Tags | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/blog/tags/psp-ufu/index.html b/docs/blog/tags/psp-ufu/index.html index 81f712bb..11b5fec0 100644 --- a/docs/blog/tags/psp-ufu/index.html +++ b/docs/blog/tags/psp-ufu/index.html @@ -3,35 +3,37 @@ - -Posts tagged "psp-ufu" | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - - - + +Posts tagged "psp-ufu" | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + + + + -
-

4 posts tagged with "psp-ufu"

View All Tags

2020w24a-beta

  • Device context render implemented (to avoid use OpenGL - some machines can't use it properly);
  • Added Visual Studio solution to the GitHub project;
  • Several major and minor bugfixes.

22019w44a-beta

  • Minor changes to 32bit MSW version for compatibility;
  • Travis CI (Continuous Integration) implemented (Linux).

2019w42a-beta

  • Harmonic study implemented;
  • Autolayout from importation implemented;
  • Importation of Matpower files;
  • Several minor bugfixes.
- - - - - - - - - - - - +
+

5 posts tagged with "psp-ufu"

View All Tags

2020w24a-beta

  • ✔️ Device context render implemented (to avoid use OpenGL - some machines can't use it properly);
  • ✔️ Added Visual Studio solution to the GitHub project;
  • 🐛 Several major and minor bugfixes.

22019w44a-beta

  • ✔️ Minor changes to 32bit MSW version for compatibility;
  • ✔️ Travis CI (Continuous Integration) implemented (Linux).

2019w42a-beta

  • 🔥 Harmonic study implemented;
  • 🔥 Autolayout from importation implemented;
  • 🔥 Importation of Matpower files;
  • 🐛 Several minor bugfixes.
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/ccc49370.a39cbe78.js b/docs/ccc49370.90257e74.js similarity index 90% rename from docs/ccc49370.a39cbe78.js rename to docs/ccc49370.90257e74.js index 0923a35e..d267ec54 100644 --- a/docs/ccc49370.a39cbe78.js +++ b/docs/ccc49370.90257e74.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[43],{119:function(e,a,t){"use strict";t.r(a);var n=t(0),l=t.n(n),i=t(131),r=t(143),m=t(130);var c=function(e){const{nextItem:a,prevItem:t}=e;return l.a.createElement("nav",{className:"pagination-nav","aria-label":"Blog post page navigation"},l.a.createElement("div",{className:"pagination-nav__item"},t&&l.a.createElement(m.a,{className:"pagination-nav__link",to:t.permalink},l.a.createElement("div",{className:"pagination-nav__sublabel"},"Newer Post"),l.a.createElement("div",{className:"pagination-nav__label"},"\xab ",t.title))),l.a.createElement("div",{className:"pagination-nav__item 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Para acessar a ferramenta de de varredura de frequ\xeancia, basta clicar no bot\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Resposta na Frequ\xeancia"),"."),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(c.a)("images/menuSimulationHamonics.svg"),alt:"Acesso \xe0s ferramentas de estudo harm\xf4nico",title:"Acesso \xe0s ferramentas de estudo harm\xf4nico"}))),Object(m.b)("h3",{id:"distor\xe7\xf5es-harm\xf4nicas"},"Distor\xe7\xf5es Harm\xf4nicas"),Object(m.b)("p",null,'Ao clicar sobre o bot\xe3o "Distor\xe7\xf5es Harm\xf4nicas" as distor\xe7\xf5es causadas pelas ',Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"harmSource"}),"fontes de corrente harm\xf4nica")," s\xe3o calculadas em todos os barramentos do sistema."),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Caso n\xe3o forem inseridas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"harmSource"}),"fontes de corrente harm\xf4nica")," no sistema de pot\xeancia, a distor\xe7\xe3o de tens\xe3o de todas as barras ser\xe1 ",Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"0"),Object(m.b)("mo",Object(s.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{separator:"true",lspace:"0em",rspace:"0em"}),","),Object(m.b)("mn",{parentName:"mrow"},"0"),Object(m.b)("mtext",{parentName:"mrow"},"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("mi",Object(s.a)({parentName:"mrow"},{mathvariant:"normal"}),"%")),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"0{,}0~\\%")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.94444em",verticalAlign:"-0.19444em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mpunct"}),",")),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mspace nobreak"}),"\xa0"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),"%"))))),"."))),Object(m.b)("p",null,Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Outra possibilidade")," \xe9 a execu\xe7\xe3o por meio do c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo, tamb\xe9m presente no ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"mainScreen#menu-ribbon"}),"menu Simula\xe7\xe3o")," e seu acionamento \xe9 realizado co clicar no bot\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Habilitar solu\xe7\xe3o"),". Com essa op\xe7\xe3o, os c\xe1lculos est\xe1ticos selecionados nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o")," s\xe3o automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer par\xe2metros da rede, como dados el\xe9tricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remo\xe7\xe3o ou inser\xe7\xe3o)."),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-warning alert alert--danger"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"12",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 12 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M5.05.31c.81 2.17.41 3.38-.52 4.31C3.55 5.67 1.98 6.45.9 7.98c-1.45 2.05-1.7 6.53 3.53 7.7-2.2-1.16-2.67-4.52-.3-6.61-.61 2.03.53 3.33 1.94 2.86 1.39-.47 2.3.53 2.27 1.67-.02.78-.31 1.44-1.13 1.81 3.42-.59 4.78-3.42 4.78-5.56 0-2.84-2.53-3.22-1.25-5.61-1.52.13-2.03 1.13-1.89 2.75.09 1.08-1.02 1.8-1.86 1.33-.67-.41-.66-1.19-.06-1.78C8.18 5.31 8.68 2.45 5.05.32L5.03.3l.02.01z"})))),"Cuidado!")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Os c\xe1lculos dos n\xedveis de THD ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"n\xe3o s\xe3o habilitados por padr\xe3o")," no c\xe1lculo cont\xednuo e devem ser inseridos nas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"simulationConfig"}),"configura\xe7\xf5es de simula\xe7\xe3o"),"."))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Os resultados das distor\xe7\xf5es harm\xf4nicas s\xe3o exibidos nos ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"text"}),"elementos de texto vinculados")," e ao posicionar o mouse sobre um barramento."),Object(m.b)("h3",{id:"resposta-na-frequ\xeancia"},"Resposta na Frequ\xeancia"),Object(m.b)("p",null,'Ao clicar sobre o bot\xe3o "Resposta na Frequ\xeancia" ser\xe1 exibido um formul\xe1rio para inser\xe7\xe3o dos par\xe2metros da ferramenta:'),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(c.a)("images/injHarmCurrent.png"),alt:"Acesso \xe0 ferramentas resposta na frequ\xeancia",title:"Acesso \xe0 ferramentas resposta na frequ\xeancia"}))),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"frequ\xeancia-inicial"},"Frequ\xeancia inicial"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Define a frequ\xeancia inicial da varredura."),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"frequ\xeancia-final"},"Frequ\xeancia final"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Define a frequ\xeancia final da varredura."),Object(m.b)("h4",{id:"passo-de-frequ\xeancia"},"Passo de frequ\xeancia"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Define o passo de incremento da frequ\xeancia. 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Nessa op\xe7\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"deve")," ser inserida ao menos a malha de controle da regula\xe7\xe3o prim\xe1ria de velocidade, assim como o ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"modelo da turbina"),". Estrat\xe9gias opcionais de controle da velocidade tamb\xe9m s\xe3o inseridas nessa op\xe7\xe3o."))),Object(m.b)("h2",{id:"elementos-de-controle"},"Elementos de Controle"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"O acesso aos elementos de controle \xe9 realizado em uma janela (remov\xedvel e encaix\xe1vel) por meio de \xedcones relacionados."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Uma vez que o usu\xe1rio clicar no \xedcone desejado, o elemento de controle acompanhar\xe1 o ponteiro do mouse at\xe9 ser efetivamente inserido na posi\xe7\xe3o desejada ao clicar novamente na \xe1rea de trabalho. Os elementos s\xe3o ent\xe3o conectados por \u201clinhas de conex\xe3o\u201d inseridas ao clicar nos n\xf3s dos componentes previamente adicionados, permitindo a constru\xe7\xe3o da rede de controle gen\xe9rica."),Object(m.b)("p",null,"As ferramentas de manipula\xe7\xe3o e navega\xe7\xe3o, como arrastar, mover e excluir s\xe3o ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"cadTools"}),"herdadas")," do ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"powerEditor"}),"editor de elementos de pot\xeancia"),", possuindo comportamento id\xeantico. A ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"edi\xe7\xe3o dos dados")," dos componentes inseridos tamb\xe9m \xe9 realizada com ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"duplo clique")," sobre o elemento inserido, exibindo um formul\xe1rio de edi\xe7\xe3o de dados."),Object(m.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,playsInline:!0,controls:!0},Object(m.b)("source",{src:"/PSP/videos/timelapseControlEditor.mp4",type:"video/mp4"}),Object(m.b)("source",{src:"/PSP/videos/timelapseControlEditor.webm",type:"video/webm"})),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Os seguintes blocos de controle est\xe3o presentes no PSP-UFU:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"io"}),"Entrada e Sa\xedda")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"transferFunction"}),"Fun\xe7\xe3o Transfer\xeancia")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Matem\xe1tica",Object(m.b)("ul",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"sum"}),"Somador")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"multiplier"}),"Multiplicador")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"divider"}),"Divisor")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"exponential"}),"Exponencial")))),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Limitadores",Object(m.b)("ul",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"limiter"}),"Limitador absoluto")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"rateLimiter"}),"Limitador de taxa")))),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Constantes",Object(m.b)("ul",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"const"}),"Constante")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"gain"}),"Ganho")))),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"mathExpression"}),"Express\xe3o Matem\xe1tica"))),Object(m.b)("h2",{id:"inicializa\xe7\xe3o-do-sistema-de-controle"},"Inicializa\xe7\xe3o do sistema de controle"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Caso as entradas do sistema de controle apresentem valores diferentes de zero ou a primeira opera\xe7\xe3o entre elas n\xe3o resulte em uma sa\xedda nula, o sistema necessita de inicializa\xe7\xe3o, de forma a adequar os valores de entradas e sa\xedda dos blocos elementares e dos vetores de estado das ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"transferFunction"}),"fun\xe7\xf5es transfer\xeancias")," presentes. Tal procedimento \xe9 realizado por meio da solu\xe7\xe3o de toda rede de controle at\xe9 que se obtenha sua converg\xeancia, ou seja, a diferen\xe7a absoluta entre as mesmas sa\xeddas de uma solu\xe7\xe3o anterior e uma atual deve ser nula ou muito pr\xf3xima de zero."),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"info")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O processo de ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"inicializa\xe7\xe3o \xe9 realizada automaticamente")," pelo PSP-UFU."),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Uma vez que a inicializa\xe7\xe3o \xe9 imposta pelas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"io"}),"entradas")," do controle, erros de converg\xeancia podem ocorrer devido \xe0 m\xe1 parametriza\xe7\xe3o dos elementos dos sistemas de ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"pot\xeancia e controle"),"."))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Para otimizar e melhorar a estabilidade do processo de inicializa\xe7\xe3o utilizou-se um passo de integra\xe7\xe3o vari\xe1vel dentro de limites, de forma que o passo aumenta em condi\xe7\xf5es de diferen\xe7as menores entre as solu\xe7\xf5es do sistema de controle e diminui caso essa diferen\xe7a se torne elevada. 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O bot\xe3o acessa o formul\xe1rio de teste de controles, como \xe9 indicado na figura abaixo:'),Object(m.b)("div",null,Object(m.b)("center",null,Object(m.b)("img",{src:Object(c.a)("images/testControl.png"),alt:"Formul\xe1rio de teste de controles",title:"Formul\xe1rio de teste de controles"}))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Nesse formul\xe1rio \xe9 poss\xedvel inserir o comportamento de ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"todas as entradas do diagrama"),":"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Tipo de entrada"),': Define um dos tipos de entradas poss\xedveis no PSP-UFU: "Passo (',Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"li"},"Step"),')", Rampa (',Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"li"},"Ramp"),") ou Quadr\xe1tica (",Object(m.b)("em",{parentName:"li"},"Quadratic"),");"),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"li"},"Tempo de in\xedcio (",Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"strong"},{className:"math math-inline"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-mathml"}),Object(m.b)("math",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"}),Object(m.b)("semantics",{parentName:"math"},Object(m.b)("mrow",{parentName:"semantics"},Object(m.b)("msub",{parentName:"mrow"},Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"msub"},"t"),Object(m.b)("mi",{parentName:"msub"},"i"))),Object(m.b)("annotation",Object(s.a)({parentName:"semantics"},{encoding:"application/x-tex"}),"t_i")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"base"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.76508em",verticalAlign:"-0.15em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault"}),"t"),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"msupsub"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-t vlist-t2"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.31166399999999994em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{style:{top:"-2.5500000000000003em",marginLeft:"0em",marginRight:"0.05em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"pstrut",style:{height:"2.7em"}})),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"mord mathdefault mtight"}),"i")))),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-s"}),"\u200b")),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist-r"}),Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{className:"vlist",style:{height:"0.15em"}}),Object(m.b)("span",{parentName:"span"})))))))))),")"),": Define o tempo de in\xedcio na simula\xe7\xe3o da entrada definida. 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A ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"edi\xe7\xe3o dos dados")," dos componentes inseridos tamb\xe9m \xe9 realizada com ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"duplo clique")," sobre o elemento inserido, exibindo um formul\xe1rio de edi\xe7\xe3o de dados."),Object(m.b)("video",{autoPlay:!0,loop:!0,muted:!0,controls:!0},Object(m.b)("source",{src:"/PSP/videos/timelapseControlEditor.mp4",type:"video/mp4"}),Object(m.b)("source",{src:"/PSP/videos/timelapseControlEditor.webm",type:"video/webm"})),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Os seguintes blocos de controle est\xe3o presentes no PSP-UFU:"),Object(m.b)("ul",null,Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"io"}),"Entrada e Sa\xedda")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"transferFunction"}),"Fun\xe7\xe3o Transfer\xeancia")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Matem\xe1tica",Object(m.b)("ul",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"sum"}),"Somador")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"multiplier"}),"Multiplicador")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"divider"}),"Divisor")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"exponential"}),"Exponencial")))),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Limitadores",Object(m.b)("ul",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"limiter"}),"Limitador absoluto")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"rateLimiter"}),"Limitador de taxa")))),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"Constantes",Object(m.b)("ul",{parentName:"li"},Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"const"}),"Constante")),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"gain"}),"Ganho")))),Object(m.b)("li",{parentName:"ul"},Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"mathExpression"}),"Express\xe3o Matem\xe1tica"))),Object(m.b)("h2",{id:"inicializa\xe7\xe3o-do-sistema-de-controle"},"Inicializa\xe7\xe3o do sistema de controle"),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Caso as entradas do sistema de controle apresentem valores diferentes de zero ou a primeira opera\xe7\xe3o entre elas n\xe3o resulte em uma sa\xedda nula, o sistema necessita de inicializa\xe7\xe3o, de forma a adequar os valores de entradas e sa\xedda dos blocos elementares e dos vetores de estado das ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"transferFunction"}),"fun\xe7\xf5es transfer\xeancias")," presentes. Tal procedimento \xe9 realizado por meio da solu\xe7\xe3o de toda rede de controle at\xe9 que se obtenha sua converg\xeancia, ou seja, a diferen\xe7a absoluta entre as mesmas sa\xeddas de uma solu\xe7\xe3o anterior e uma atual deve ser nula ou muito pr\xf3xima de zero."),Object(m.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(m.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(m.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(m.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(m.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"info")),Object(m.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"O processo de ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"inicializa\xe7\xe3o \xe9 realizada automaticamente")," pelo PSP-UFU."),Object(m.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Uma vez que a inicializa\xe7\xe3o \xe9 imposta pelas ",Object(m.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"io"}),"entradas")," do controle, erros de converg\xeancia podem ocorrer devido \xe0 m\xe1 parametriza\xe7\xe3o dos elementos dos sistemas de ",Object(m.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"pot\xeancia e controle"),"."))),Object(m.b)("p",null,"Para otimizar e melhorar a estabilidade do processo de inicializa\xe7\xe3o utilizou-se um passo de integra\xe7\xe3o vari\xe1vel dentro de limites, de forma que o passo aumenta em condi\xe7\xf5es de diferen\xe7as menores entre as solu\xe7\xf5es do sistema de controle e diminui caso essa diferen\xe7a se torne elevada. 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Nele \xe9 poss\xedvel tamb\xe9m acessar aos controles das m\xe1quinas s\xedncronas manipulados pelo ',Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"controlEditor"}),"editor de controle"),"."),Object(n.b)("div",null,Object(n.b)("center",null,Object(n.b)("img",{src:Object(b.a)("images/syncGeneratorStabForm.png"),alt:"Formul\xe1rio de estabilidade dos geradores s\xedncronos no PSP-UFU",title:"Formul\xe1rio de estabilidade dos geradores s\xedncronos no PSP-UFU"}))),Object(n.b)("p",null,'No formul\xe1rio de estabilidade pode ser observado o bot\xe3o "Chaveamento" na parte inferior esquerda do formul\xe1rio. 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Podem ser inseridos quaisquer n\xfameros de caracteres no padr\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"}),"Unicode"),"."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Todos os componentes de pot\xeancia do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo."),Object(n.b)("h4",{id:"pot\xeancia-nominal"},"Pot\xeancia nominal"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Pot\xeancia nominal do gerador, inserida em MVA, kVA ou VA."),Object(n.b)("p",null,'Esse campo \xe9 especialmente importante caso a op\xe7\xe3o "Utilizar a pot\xeancia nominal como base" esteja marcada.'),Object(n.b)("h4",{id:"pot\xeancias-ativa-e-reativa"},"Pot\xeancias ativa e reativa"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Pot\xeancias ativa (inserida em W, kW, MW ou p.u.) e reativa (inserida em var, kvar, Mvar ou p.u.) do gerador."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Caso a barra conectada seja PV o valor de pot\xeancia reativa ser\xe1 ignorado e caso seja de refer\xeancia ambos os valores inseridos ser\xe3o desprezados."),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Caso mais de um gerador esteja conectado na mesma barra, os valores de pot\xeancia reativa (nas barras de refer\xeancia e PV) e ativa (nas barras de refer\xeancia) s\xe3o igualmente distribu\xeddas, respeitando os limites individuais de pot\xeancia reativa."))),Object(n.b)("h4",{id:"pot\xeancias-reativas-m\xe1xima-e-m\xednima"},"Pot\xeancias reativas m\xe1xima e m\xednima"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Limites de pot\xeancia reativa m\xe1xima e m\xednima do gerador para controle de tens\xe3o em barras PV. 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Caso n\xe3o seja informado, a satura\xe7\xe3o da m\xe1quina n\xe3o \xe9 considerada nos c\xe1lculos."))),Object(n.b)("h4",{id:"frequ\xeancia-de-circuito-aberto"},"Frequ\xeancia de circuito aberto"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Indica a velocidade da m\xe1quina no caso de in\xedcio da simula\xe7\xe3o desconectada da rede."),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-info alert alert--info"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"14",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 14 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"})))),"Informa\xe7\xe3o")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Essa informa\xe7\xe3o \xe9 particularmente \xfatil na an\xe1lise de conex\xe3o de geradores dessincronizados na rede."))),Object(n.b)("h4",{id:"reat\xe2ncias-s\xedncronas"},"Reat\xe2ncias s\xedncronas"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Valores de reat\xe2ncia s\xedncrona (regime permanente) da m\xe1quina. 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Assim como os dados transit\xf3rios, esses par\xe2metros definem o modelo da m\xe1quina.")),Object(n.b)(c.a,{value:"switching",mdxType:"TabItem"},Object(n.b)("p",null,'O bot\xe3o "Chaveamento" ir\xe1 abrir um formul\xe1rio, comum a v\xe1rios outros elementos, que permite a inser\xe7\xe3o e/ou remo\xe7\xe3o do gerador durante o estudo de ',Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"stability"}),"estabilidade"),"."),Object(n.b)("p",null,'Nesse formul\xe1rio pode ser criada uma lista gen\xe9rica de inser\xe7\xf5es e remo\xe7\xf5es da linha no tempo, personalizada por um contexto de propriedades de chaveamento que s\xe3o editados o tipo de chaveamento (inser\xe7\xe3o ou remo\xe7\xe3o) e o instante (em segundos) do evento. Essas propriedades s\xe3o atribu\xeddas e retiradas da lista gen\xe9rica por meio dos bot\xf5es "Adicionar" e "Remover", respectivamente.'))),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"acesso-aos-controles-da-m\xe1quina-s\xedncrona"},"Acesso aos controles da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona"),Object(n.b)("p",null,"Como j\xe1 ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator#utilizar-avr-e-regulador-de-velocidade"}),"mencionado anteriormente"),', os reguladores de velocidade e tens\xe3o da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona podem ser acionados ou inibidos por meio das caixas de sele\xe7\xe3o "',Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"syncGenerator#utilizar-avr-e-regulador-de-velocidade"}),"Utilizar AVR e regulador de velocidade"),'". Ambas as op\xe7\xf5es ir\xe3o acessar o ',Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"p"},{href:"controlEditor"}),"editor de controles"),"."),Object(n.b)("p",null,"O acesso aos controles do ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"AVR"),' poder\xe3o ent\xe3o ser criados e manipulados ao clicar no bot\xe3o "Editar AVR", assim como o ',Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Regulador de Velocidade"),' \xe9 acessado no bot\xe3o "Editar regulador de velocidade".'),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"No PSP-UFU a op\xe7\xe3o de editar o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"AVR")," engloba mais que somente o controle de tens\xe3o da m\xe1quina. Nele ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"deve")," ser inserida a malha de controle da m\xe1quina assim como a ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"excitatriz da m\xe1quina s\xedncrona"),". Outras estrat\xe9gias de controle (opcionais), como PSS (",Object(n.b)("em",{parentName:"p"},"Power System Stabilizer"),") e/ou controles de sobre e sub excita\xe7\xe3o, s\xe3o tamb\xe9m implementadas em conjunto."))),Object(n.b)("div",{className:"admonition admonition-caution alert alert--warning"},Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-heading"}),Object(n.b)("h5",{parentName:"div"},Object(n.b)("span",Object(s.a)({parentName:"h5"},{className:"admonition-icon"}),Object(n.b)("svg",Object(s.a)({parentName:"span"},{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",width:"16",height:"16",viewBox:"0 0 16 16"}),Object(n.b)("path",Object(s.a)({parentName:"svg"},{fillRule:"evenodd",d:"M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"})))),"Aten\xe7\xe3o!")),Object(n.b)("div",Object(s.a)({parentName:"div"},{className:"admonition-content"}),Object(n.b)("p",{parentName:"div"},"Assim como no AVR, o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"Regulador de Velocidade")," engloba mais que a regula\xe7\xe3o prim\xe1ria da m\xe1quina. Nessa op\xe7\xe3o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"deve")," ser inserida ao menos a malha de controle da regula\xe7\xe3o prim\xe1ria de velocidade, assim como o ",Object(n.b)("strong",{parentName:"p"},"modelo da turbina"),". Estrat\xe9gias opcionais de controle da velocidade tamb\xe9m s\xe3o inseridas nessa op\xe7\xe3o."))),Object(n.b)("h2",{id:"refer\xeancias"},"Refer\xeancias"),Object(n.b)("ol",null,Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"MILANO, F. Power System Modelling and Scripting. London: Springer, 2010. doi: ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6"}),"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. doi: ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286"}),"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"KUNDUR, P. Power System Stability and Control. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994."),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"DOMMEL, H. W.; SATO, N. Fast Transient Stability Solutions. IEEE Transactions on Power Aparatus and Systems, v. PAS-91, n. 4, jul 1972, p. 1643-1650. doi: ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1972.293341"}),"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1972.293341")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"IEEE Std 1110-2002 IEEE Guide for Synchronous Generator Modeling Practices and Applications in Power System Stability Analyses. IEEE, New York, nov. 2003. doi: ",Object(n.b)("a",Object(s.a)({parentName:"li"},{href:"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2003.94408"}),"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2003.94408")),Object(n.b)("li",{parentName:"ol"},"KIMBARK, E. W. Power System Stability: Volume III \u2013 Synchronous Machine. New York: Wiley-IEEE Press, 1995.")))}l.isMDXComponent=!0},123:function(a,e,t){"use strict";var s=t(0),m=t(20);e.a=function(){const a=Object(s.useContext)(m.a);if(null===a)throw new Error("Docusaurus context not provided");return a}},124:function(a,e,t){"use strict";t.d(e,"a",(function(){return j})),t.d(e,"b",(function(){return i}));var s=t(0),m=t.n(s);function n(a,e,t){return e in a?Object.defineProperty(a,e,{value:t,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):a[e]=t,a}function b(a,e){var t=Object.keys(a);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var s=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(a);e&&(s=s.filter((function(e){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(a,e).enumerable}))),t.push.apply(t,s)}return t}function p(a){for(var e=1;e=0||(m[t]=a[t]);return m}(a,e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var n=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(a);for(s=0;s=0||Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(a,t)&&(m[t]=a[t])}return m}var r=m.a.createContext({}),O=function(a){var e=m.a.useContext(r),t=e;return a&&(t="function"==typeof a?a(e):p(p({},e),a)),t},j=function(a){var e=O(a.components);return m.a.createElement(r.Provider,{value:e},a.children)},N={inlineCode:"code",wrapper:function(a){var e=a.children;return m.a.createElement(m.a.Fragment,{},e)}},l=m.a.forwardRef((function(a,e){var t=a.components,s=a.mdxType,n=a.originalType,b=a.parentName,r=c(a,["components","mdxType","originalType","parentName"]),j=O(t),l=s,i=j["".concat(b,".").concat(l)]||j[l]||N[l]||n;return t?m.a.createElement(i,p(p({ref:e},r),{},{components:t})):m.a.createElement(i,p({ref:e},r))}));function i(a,e){var t=arguments,s=e&&e.mdxType;if("string"==typeof a||s){var n=t.length,b=new Array(n);b[0]=l;var p={};for(var c in e)hasOwnProperty.call(e,c)&&(p[c]=e[c]);p.originalType=a,p.mdxType="string"==typeof a?a:s,b[1]=p;for(var r=2;rfunction(a,e,t,{forcePrependBaseUrl:s=!1,absolute:n=!1}={}){if(!t)return t;if(t.startsWith("#"))return t;if(Object(m.b)(t))return t;if(s)return e+t;const b=!t.startsWith(e)?e+t.replace(/^\//,""):t;return n?a+b:b}(e,a,t,s)}}function b(a,e={}){const{withBaseUrl:t}=n();return t(a,e)}},126:function(a,e,t){"use strict";function s(a){return!0===/^(\w*:|\/\/)/.test(a)}function m(a){return void 0!==a&&!s(a)}t.d(e,"b",(function(){return s})),t.d(e,"a",(function(){return m}))},127:function(a,e,t){"use strict";function s(a){var e,t,m="";if("string"==typeof a||"number"==typeof a)m+=a;else if("object"==typeof a)if(Array.isArray(a))for(e=0;ee.value===a)&&h(a)}const d=a=>{h(a),null!=N&&i(N,a)},g=[];return m.a.createElement("div",null,m.a.createElement("ul",{role:"tablist","aria-orientation":"horizontal",className:Object(b.a)("tabs",{"tabs--block":e})},j.map(({value:a,label:e})=>m.a.createElement("li",{role:"tab",tabIndex:0,"aria-selected":o===a,className:Object(b.a)("tabs__item",c.a.tabItem,{"tabs__item--active":o===a}),key:a,ref:a=>g.push(a),onKeyDown:a=>((a,e,t)=>{switch(t.keyCode){case O:((a,e)=>{const t=a.indexOf(e)+1;a[t]?a[t].focus():a[0].focus()})(a,e);break;case r:((a,e)=>{const t=a.indexOf(e)-1;a[t]?a[t].focus():a[a.length-1].focus()})(a,e)}})(g,a.target,a),onFocus:()=>d(a),onClick:()=>d(a)},e))),m.a.createElement("div",{role:"tabpanel",className:"margin-vert--md"},s.Children.toArray(t).filter(a=>a.props.value===o)[0]))}},131:function(a,e,t){"use strict";var s=t(0),m=t.n(s);e.a=function(a){return m.a.createElement("div",null,a.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/docs/bus/index.html b/docs/docs/bus/index.html index 06a216f4..e916b502 100644 --- a/docs/docs/bus/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/bus/index.html @@ -3,32 +3,32 @@ - -Barramento | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - + +Barramento | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + -
-

Barramento

Condutor de baixa impedância ao qual vários circuitos elétricos podem ser conectados em pontos separados. +

+

Barramento

Condutor de baixa impedância ao qual vários circuitos elétricos podem ser conectados em pontos separados. Nota - Em muitos casos, o barramento consiste em uma barra. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Barramento no PSP-UFU

O elemento barramento, ou simplesmente barra, é um conector ou nó do diagrama unifilar do PSP-UFU. Essa barra pode representar um PAC (Ponto de Acoplamento Comum), um poste de distribuição, uma subestação, um barramento da subestação, entre inúmeros outros tipos pontos de análise e conexão entre elementos.

Formulário de edição dos barramentos

Atenção!

O barramento deve ser o primeiro elemento elétrico a ser inserido no diagrama de potência, uma vez que os demais componentes de potência são conectados nele.

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados das barras:

Formulário dos barramentos no PSP-UFU

Esse formulário é subdividido em quatro contextos distintos:

  • Geral: no qual são inseridas informações gerais da barra e informações do fluxo de carga;
  • Falta: local onde o curto-circuito shunt deve ser inserido;
  • Estabilidade: contendo opções de visualização de dados da barra em gráficos no tempo e inserção de faltas trifásicas no cálculo de estabilidade transitória;
  • Qualidade de energia: contém a opção de de visualização da impedância harmônica vista pela barra.

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.

Tensão nominal

Utilizado para cálculo da impedância base de alguns elementos conectados, além do cálculo da relação de transformação dos transformadores conectados entre barras. Sua unidade pode ser selecionada, sendo expressa em V ou em kV.

A modificação desse parâmetro irá alterar toda a tensão do trecho conectado por linhas elétricas, sendo emitido um alerta ao usuário.

Tensão controlada

Caracteriza o barramento como barra de tensão controlada (Barra PV),

Atenção!

Essa opção é somente válida caso alguma máquina síncrona esteja conectado, caso contrário esse valor será ignorado. Caso o limite de potência reativa da máquina síncrona conectada seja ultrapassado esse valor também é ignorado.

O valor poderá ser inserido em p.u. ou em volts (ou kV caso a tensão nominal esteja nesta unidade).

Barra de referência

Caracteriza o barramento como barra de referência (Barra de oscilação). Essa opção é somente válida caso esteja conectado um gerador síncrono, caso contrário uma mensagem de erro será exibida ao usuário ao realizar algum dos cálculos do programa.


Dica

Resumo de como definir o tipo de barra:

  • Para definir o barramento como sendo uma Barra PQ, as opções "Barra de referência" e "Tensão controlada" devem estar desmarcadas;
  • Para definir o barramento como sendo uma Barra PV, deve-se marcar somente a opção "Tensão controlada", mantendo a opção "Barra de referência" desmarcada;
  • Para definir o barramento como sendo uma Barra de Referência, deve-se marcar a opção "Barra de referência". Caso a opção "Tensão controlada" esteja desmarcada será admitido um valor de tensão controlada de 1,0 p.u.1{,}0~p.u.
Cuidado!

O sistema deve possuir somente uma barra de referência.

- - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/docs/cadTools/index.html b/docs/docs/cadTools/index.html index add735f0..95af46c3 100644 --- a/docs/docs/cadTools/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/cadTools/index.html @@ -3,31 +3,31 @@ - -Ferramentas CAD | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - + +Ferramentas CAD | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + -
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Ferramentas CAD

Desenho assistido por computador (DAC; em inglês: computer aided design - CAD) é o nome genérico de sistemas computacionais (software) utilizados pela engenharia, geologia, geografia, arquitetura e design para facilitar o projeto e desenho técnicos. No caso do design, este pode estar ligado especificamente a todas as suas vertentes (produtos como vestuário, eletroeletrônicos, automobilísticos, etc.), de modo que os jargões de cada especialidade são incorporados na interface de cada programa. Wikipedia

Ferramentas do menu

Todos os objetos criados contêm vários atributos gráficos, como: posição, orientação, cor, tamanho, etc. Para modificá-los foram inseridas algumas ferramentas intuitivas e de fácil utilização, as quais são: selecionar, mover, girar, arrastar, zoom, encaixar, copiar, colar e excluir.

Essas ferramentas podem ser acessadas por suas teclas de atalho assim como pelo submenu Ferramentas.

Tais ferramentas permitem a personalização, navegação e auxiliam a criação de redes elétricas de potência, assim como diagramas de controle na plataforma.

Selecionar

A seleção de um único objeto é realizada clicando com o botão esquerdo do mouse sobre o elemento, que será identificado pelo contorno em azul do objeto.

Para a seleção de vários objetos simultaneamente é necessário clicar com o botão esquerdo do mouse em um local vazio da tela e arrastá-lo, criando assim um retângulo de seleção que irá acompanhar o ponteiro do mouse enquanto o botão esquerdo estiver pressionado. Ao soltá-lo todos os objetos que intercederem o retângulo serão selecionados.

Mantendo pressionado a tecla Control (Ctrl) do teclado pode-se manter seleções anteriores enquanto novos elementos são selecionados.

Para desmarcar todos os objetos basta clicar em uma área sem objetos.

Mover

Um elemento poderá ser movido para qualquer local por meio da ação drag-and-drop (clicando e arrastando) ou pela ferramenta mover.

Ao habilitar o “modo mover”, movendo todos os componentes selecionados à medida que a posição do mouse é alterada. Para desabilitar esse modo basta pressionar a tecla Escape do teclado.

Girar

Alguns objetos poderão ser rotacionados através da ferramenta girar, acessado pela tecla de atalho “R”, girando o objeto no sentido horário, ou “Shift + R”, para o sentido anti-horário (essa opção irá afetar todos os objetos selecionados). O elemento também pode ser rotacionado pelo submenu Ferramentas ou ao acessar o menu de contexto clicando com o botão direito sobre o elemento.

Atenção!

O menu de contexto somente será exibido se o elemento estiver selecionado.

Ao utilizar essa ferramenta os objetos irão girar 45º a partir do seu ponto de origem. Para atingir a angulação pretendida basta repetir o processo de rotação.

Arrastar

Três ferramentas muito úteis na navegação do circuito, principalmente em grandes redes, são: arrastar, zoom e encaixar.

A ferramenta arrastar possibilita mover todo o circuito preservando as posições relativas entre os elementos. Esta ferramenta pode ser acessada pelo submenu “Ferramentas” ou mantendo pressionada o scroll do mouse, ativando assim o “modo arrastar”. Ao ativá-lo todo o circuito será movido clicando e arrastando na direção desejada.

Para sair do “modo arrastar” basta pressionar a tecla Escape do teclado.

Zoom

O zoom será aplicado ao utilizar o scroll do mouse para mais ou menos zoom. A ferramenta zoom irá aproximar ou distanciar o circuito a partir da posição do ponteiro do mouse na tela para encontrar objetos ou destaca-los.

Encaixar

A ferramenta encaixar irá mover o circuito e aplicar o zoom necessário para que todos os componentes da rede sejam exibidos na tela. Esta ferramenta pode ser acessada através do submenu “Ferramentas” ou pela combinação de teclas “Shift + F”.

Copiar e Colar

Duas ferramentas importantes durante o processo de criação da rede elétrica de potência no software são copiar e colar. Qualquer circuito criado no PSP-UFU poderá ser duplicado completamente ou parcialmente no mesmo projeto ou em múltiplos através dessas ferramentas.

Para copiar basta selecionar os elementos que se deseja duplicar e acessar a ferramenta no submenu “Ferramentas” ou pressionando a combinação das teclas “Ctrl + C”, então os dados do circuito serão copiados para a área de transferência. Ao copiar um circuito ele poderá ser colado no mesmo projeto ou em um projeto distinto, utilizando o mesmo submenu ou pressionando a combinação das teclas “Ctrl + V”.

Excluir

Qualquer objeto poderá ser excluído do projeto por meio da ferramenta deletar, presente no menu Ribbon, pela tecla de atalho Delete ou pelo acesso ao menu de contexto clicando com o botão direito sobre o elemento selecionado.

Personalização gráfica os elementos

Alguns elementos permitem sua personalização gráfica, como as barras e linhas.

Barra

No caso dos barramentos, pode-se alterar o comprimento da barra clicando e arrastando no pickbox exibido ao posicionar o ponteiro do mouse sobre esse elemento selecionado.

Linha

As linhas podem ser inseridas com "nós" (pontos de ancoragem), personalizando a disposição das linhas no diagrama unifilar. Esses nós são inseridos durante o processo de criação do elemento, anteriormente à seleção da segunda barra.

Após a sua inserção, novos nós podem ser anexados pelo menu de contexto acessado ao clicar com o botão direito sobre a linha selecionada. Sua remoção também é alcançada por uma opção do menu de contexto.

Assim como nos barramentos, a alteração da posição dos nós é obtida clicando e arrastando o pickbox exibido ao posicionar o ponteiro do mouse sobre esse elemento selecionado.

Conexão e desconexão de elemetos na barra

Os elementos podem ser desconectados e reconectados às barras após sua inserção somente pela ferramenta drag-and-drop. Para isso, o elemento deve ser selecionado e o seu nó de conexão deve ser arrastado para o local requerido.

Cuidado!

O elemento a ser desconectado/reconectado deve ser previamente selecionado para efetuar a operação. Caso contrário a barra será movida ou nenhuma operação será realizada.

No caso de desconexão, o elemento será automaticamente removido da simulação, sendo indicado pela sua cor (o elemento passa a ter cor cinza).

Atenção!

Ao reconectar o elemento ao circuito, deve-se atentar para estado do seu "disjuntor", indicado por um quadrado próximo ao seu nó de conexão. Um elemento reconectado volta ao circuito com seu disjuntor aberto (vermelho), sendo necessário clicar sobre o mesmo a fim de inserir o elemento no circuito.

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Ferramentas CAD

Desenho assistido por computador (DAC; em inglês: computer aided design - CAD) é o nome genérico de sistemas computacionais (software) utilizados pela engenharia, geologia, geografia, arquitetura e design para facilitar o projeto e desenho técnicos. No caso do design, este pode estar ligado especificamente a todas as suas vertentes (produtos como vestuário, eletroeletrônicos, automobilísticos, etc.), de modo que os jargões de cada especialidade são incorporados na interface de cada programa. Wikipedia

Ferramentas do menu

Todos os objetos criados contêm vários atributos gráficos, como: posição, orientação, cor, tamanho, etc. Para modificá-los foram inseridas algumas ferramentas intuitivas e de fácil utilização, as quais são: selecionar, mover, girar, arrastar, zoom, encaixar, copiar, colar e excluir.

Essas ferramentas podem ser acessadas por suas teclas de atalho assim como pelo submenu Ferramentas.

Tais ferramentas permitem a personalização, navegação e auxiliam a criação de redes elétricas de potência, assim como diagramas de controle na plataforma.

Selecionar

A seleção de um único objeto é realizada clicando com o botão esquerdo do mouse sobre o elemento, que será identificado pelo contorno em azul do objeto.

Para a seleção de vários objetos simultaneamente é necessário clicar com o botão esquerdo do mouse em um local vazio da tela e arrastá-lo, criando assim um retângulo de seleção que irá acompanhar o ponteiro do mouse enquanto o botão esquerdo estiver pressionado. Ao soltá-lo todos os objetos que intercederem o retângulo serão selecionados.

Mantendo pressionado a tecla Control (Ctrl) do teclado pode-se manter seleções anteriores enquanto novos elementos são selecionados.

Para desmarcar todos os objetos basta clicar em uma área sem objetos.

Mover

Um elemento poderá ser movido para qualquer local por meio da ação drag-and-drop (clicando e arrastando) ou pela ferramenta mover.

Ao habilitar o “modo mover”, movendo todos os componentes selecionados à medida que a posição do mouse é alterada. Para desabilitar esse modo basta pressionar a tecla Escape do teclado.

Girar

Alguns objetos poderão ser rotacionados através da ferramenta girar, acessado pela tecla de atalho “R”, girando o objeto no sentido horário, ou “Shift + R”, para o sentido anti-horário (essa opção irá afetar todos os objetos selecionados). O elemento também pode ser rotacionado pelo submenu Ferramentas ou ao acessar o menu de contexto clicando com o botão direito sobre o elemento.

Atenção!

O menu de contexto somente será exibido se o elemento estiver selecionado.

Ao utilizar essa ferramenta os objetos irão girar 45º a partir do seu ponto de origem. Para atingir a angulação pretendida basta repetir o processo de rotação.

Arrastar

Três ferramentas muito úteis na navegação do circuito, principalmente em grandes redes, são: arrastar, zoom e encaixar.

A ferramenta arrastar possibilita mover todo o circuito preservando as posições relativas entre os elementos. Esta ferramenta pode ser acessada pelo submenu “Ferramentas” ou mantendo pressionada o scroll do mouse, ativando assim o “modo arrastar”. Ao ativá-lo todo o circuito será movido clicando e arrastando na direção desejada.

Para sair do “modo arrastar” basta pressionar a tecla Escape do teclado.

Zoom

O zoom será aplicado ao utilizar o scroll do mouse para mais ou menos zoom. A ferramenta zoom irá aproximar ou distanciar o circuito a partir da posição do ponteiro do mouse na tela para encontrar objetos ou destaca-los.

Encaixar

A ferramenta encaixar irá mover o circuito e aplicar o zoom necessário para que todos os componentes da rede sejam exibidos na tela. Esta ferramenta pode ser acessada através do submenu “Ferramentas” ou pela combinação de teclas “Shift + F”.

Copiar e Colar

Duas ferramentas importantes durante o processo de criação da rede elétrica de potência no software são copiar e colar. Qualquer circuito criado no PSP-UFU poderá ser duplicado completamente ou parcialmente no mesmo projeto ou em múltiplos através dessas ferramentas.

Para copiar basta selecionar os elementos que se deseja duplicar e acessar a ferramenta no submenu “Ferramentas” ou pressionando a combinação das teclas “Ctrl + C”, então os dados do circuito serão copiados para a área de transferência. Ao copiar um circuito ele poderá ser colado no mesmo projeto ou em um projeto distinto, utilizando o mesmo submenu ou pressionando a combinação das teclas “Ctrl + V”.

Excluir

Qualquer objeto poderá ser excluído do projeto por meio da ferramenta deletar, presente no menu Ribbon, pela tecla de atalho Delete ou pelo acesso ao menu de contexto clicando com o botão direito sobre o elemento selecionado.

Personalização gráfica os elementos

Alguns elementos permitem sua personalização gráfica, como as barras e linhas.

Barra

No caso dos barramentos, pode-se alterar o comprimento da barra clicando e arrastando no pickbox exibido ao posicionar o ponteiro do mouse sobre esse elemento selecionado.

Linha

As linhas podem ser inseridas com "nós" (pontos de ancoragem), personalizando a disposição das linhas no diagrama unifilar. Esses nós são inseridos durante o processo de criação do elemento, anteriormente à seleção da segunda barra.

Após a sua inserção, novos nós podem ser anexados pelo menu de contexto acessado ao clicar com o botão direito sobre a linha selecionada. Sua remoção também é alcançada por uma opção do menu de contexto.

Assim como nos barramentos, a alteração da posição dos nós é obtida clicando e arrastando o pickbox exibido ao posicionar o ponteiro do mouse sobre esse elemento selecionado.

Conexão e desconexão de elemetos na barra

Os elementos podem ser desconectados e reconectados às barras após sua inserção somente pela ferramenta drag-and-drop. Para isso, o elemento deve ser selecionado e o seu nó de conexão deve ser arrastado para o local requerido.

Cuidado!

O elemento a ser desconectado/reconectado deve ser previamente selecionado para efetuar a operação. Caso contrário a barra será movida ou nenhuma operação será realizada.

No caso de desconexão, o elemento será automaticamente removido da simulação, sendo indicado pela sua cor (o elemento passa a ter cor cinza).

Atenção!

Ao reconectar o elemento ao circuito, deve-se atentar para estado do seu "disjuntor", indicado por um quadrado próximo ao seu nó de conexão. Um elemento reconectado volta ao circuito com seu disjuntor aberto (vermelho), sendo necessário clicar sobre o mesmo a fim de inserir o elemento no circuito.

+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/docs/capacitor/index.html b/docs/docs/capacitor/index.html index 1558701b..57d1e474 100644 --- a/docs/docs/capacitor/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/capacitor/index.html @@ -3,31 +3,31 @@ - -Capacitor | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - + +Capacitor | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + -
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Capacitor

Um dispositivo constituído essencialmente por dois eletrodos separados por um dielétrico. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Capacitor no PSP-UFU

O elemento capacitor representa, geralmente, um banco de capacitores shunt no circuito do PSP-UFU.

Dica

Um arranjo série de uma linha sem as susceptâncias shunt, um barramento e um capacitor pode ser utilizado para fabricar um filtro passivo nos estudos harmônicos. Em versões futuras, um elemento de filtro passivo será implementado no PSP-UFU.

Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro. Esses elementos passivos são somente inseridos na matriz admitância cuja impedância é calculada a partir de sua potência e tensão nominais.

Formulário de edição dos capacitores

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos capacitores:

Formulário dos capacitores no PSP-UFU

Além do único contexto geral, pode ser observado o botão "Estabilidade" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção do capacitor durante o estudo de estabilidade.

Formulário de chaveamento do capacitor

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.

Potência reativa

Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro, inserida em Mvar, kvar, var ou p.u.p.u. (na base de potência do sistema).

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Capacitor

Um dispositivo constituído essencialmente por dois eletrodos separados por um dielétrico. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Capacitor no PSP-UFU

O elemento capacitor representa, geralmente, um banco de capacitores shunt no circuito do PSP-UFU.

Dica

Um arranjo série de uma linha sem as susceptâncias shunt, um barramento e um capacitor pode ser utilizado para fabricar um filtro passivo nos estudos harmônicos. Em versões futuras, um elemento de filtro passivo será implementado no PSP-UFU.

Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro. Esses elementos passivos são somente inseridos na matriz admitância cuja impedância é calculada a partir de sua potência e tensão nominais.

Formulário de edição dos capacitores

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos capacitores:

Formulário dos capacitores no PSP-UFU

Além do único contexto geral, pode ser observado o botão "Estabilidade" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção do capacitor durante o estudo de estabilidade.

Formulário de chaveamento do capacitor

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.

Potência reativa

Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro, inserida em Mvar, kvar, var ou p.u.p.u. (na base de potência do sistema).

+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/docs/const/index.html b/docs/docs/const/index.html index d4b2bdaa..46fbc4ed 100644 --- a/docs/docs/const/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/const/index.html @@ -3,31 +3,31 @@ - -Constante | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - + +Constante | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/docs/controlEditor/index.html b/docs/docs/controlEditor/index.html index da9a8de9..6b3dae14 100644 --- a/docs/docs/controlEditor/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/controlEditor/index.html @@ -3,31 +3,31 @@ - -Editor de Controle | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - + +Editor de Controle | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + -
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Editor de Controle

Os controles das máquinas síncronas são criados, modificados, importados e exportados em um editor distinto dos elementos de potência, apresentado na figura abaixo.

Editor de elementos de controle do PSP-UFU

O acesso ao editor é realizado por meio de dois botões presentes no formulário de edição dos dados de estabilidade dos geradores síncronos:

Atenção!

No PSP-UFU a opção de editar o AVR engloba mais que somente o controle de tensão da máquina. Nele deve ser inserida a malha de controle da máquina assim como a excitatriz da máquina síncrona. Outras estratégias de controle (opcionais), como PSS (Power System Stabilizer) e/ou controles de sobre e sub excitação, são também implementadas em conjunto (como apresentado na figura anterior).

Atenção!

Assim como no AVR, o Regulador de Velocidade engloba mais que a regulação primária da máquina. Nessa opção deve ser inserida ao menos a malha de controle da regulação primária de velocidade, assim como o modelo da turbina. Estratégias opcionais de controle da velocidade também são inseridas nessa opção.

Elementos de Controle

O acesso aos elementos de controle é realizado em uma janela (removível e encaixável) por meio de ícones relacionados.

Uma vez que o usuário clicar no ícone desejado, o elemento de controle acompanhará o ponteiro do mouse até ser efetivamente inserido na posição desejada ao clicar novamente na área de trabalho. Os elementos são então conectados por “linhas de conexão” inseridas ao clicar nos nós dos componentes previamente adicionados, permitindo a construção da rede de controle genérica.

As ferramentas de manipulação e navegação, como arrastar, mover e excluir são herdadas do editor de elementos de potência, possuindo comportamento idêntico. A edição dos dados dos componentes inseridos também é realizada com duplo clique sobre o elemento inserido, exibindo um formulário de edição de dados.

Os seguintes blocos de controle estão presentes no PSP-UFU:

Inicialização do sistema de controle

Caso as entradas do sistema de controle apresentem valores diferentes de zero ou a primeira operação entre elas não resulte em uma saída nula, o sistema necessita de inicialização, de forma a adequar os valores de entradas e saída dos blocos elementares e dos vetores de estado das funções transferências presentes. Tal procedimento é realizado por meio da solução de toda rede de controle até que se obtenha sua convergência, ou seja, a diferença absoluta entre as mesmas saídas de uma solução anterior e uma atual deve ser nula ou muito próxima de zero.

info

O processo de inicialização é realizada automaticamente pelo PSP-UFU.

Uma vez que a inicialização é imposta pelas entradas do controle, erros de convergência podem ocorrer devido à má parametrização dos elementos dos sistemas de potência e controle.

Para otimizar e melhorar a estabilidade do processo de inicialização utilizou-se um passo de integração variável dentro de limites, de forma que o passo aumenta em condições de diferenças menores entre as soluções do sistema de controle e diminui caso essa diferença se torne elevada. A implementação dessa abordagem reduziu significativamente o encerramento do processo com erro causado pela instabilidade numérica, além de acelerar a inicialização.

O fluxograma abaixo evidencia o processo de inicialização implementado no PSP-UFU:

Estrutura da inicialização do sistema de controle

Teste do diagrama de controle

Na parte inferior esquerda do Editor de Controle está presente o botão "Testar Sistema...". O botão acessa o formulário de teste de controles, como é indicado na figura abaixo:

Formulário de teste de controles

Nesse formulário é possível inserir o comportamento de todas as entradas do diagrama:

  • Tipo de entrada: Define um dos tipos de entradas possíveis no PSP-UFU: "Passo (Step)", Rampa (Ramp) ou Quadrática (Quadratic);
  • Tempo de início (tit_i): Define o tempo de início na simulação da entrada definida. As entradas iniciais são sempre definidas como zero e assumem valores diferentes após o tempo de início;
  • Inclinação (α\alpha): Valor relacionado ao tipo de entrada:
    • Para entrada do tipo "Passo" - O valor da inclinação define o valor final do passo:
      {Se t<tif(t)=0,0Se ttif(t)=α\begin{cases} \text{Se~} t < t_i \rightarrow f(t) = 0,0\\ \text{Se~} t \ge t_i \rightarrow f(t) = \alpha \end{cases}
    • Para entrada do tipo "Rampa" - define o coeficiente de inclinação da reta:
      {Se t<tif(t)=0,0Se ttif(t)=α×t\begin{cases} \text{Se~} t < t_i \rightarrow f(t) = 0,0\\ \text{Se~} t \ge t_i \rightarrow f(t) = \alpha \times t \end{cases}
    • Para entrada do tipo "Quadrática" - define o coeficiente de crescimento da curva:
      {Se t<tif(t)=0,0Se ttif(t)=α×t2\begin{cases} \text{Se~} t < t_i \rightarrow f(t) = 0,0\\ \text{Se~} t \ge t_i \rightarrow f(t) = \alpha \times t^2 \end{cases}
  • Passo de integração (hh): Passo do método de integração Trapezoidal Implícito;
  • Tempo de simulação (tft_f): Tempo total de simulação.

Após a simulação os resultados são exibidos no visualizador de gráficos.

Atenção!

A mesma parametrização de entrada é aplicada em todos os blocos de entrada do sistema.

Dica

É possível aplicar várias entradas distintas (inclusive com condicionais!) utilizando o bloco de expressão matemática.

Utilizando o bloco de expressão matemática é possível inserir entradas complexas, como por exemplo testar o diagrama de blocos (AVR DC1C + PSS1A - IEEE Std. 421.5-2016) da figura abaixo:

Sistema de controle sob teste
Comparação do sistema de controle sob teste
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Editor de Controle

Os controles das máquinas síncronas são criados, modificados, importados e exportados em um editor distinto dos elementos de potência, apresentado na figura abaixo.

Editor de elementos de controle do PSP-UFU

O acesso ao editor é realizado por meio de dois botões presentes no formulário de edição dos dados de estabilidade dos geradores síncronos:

Atenção!

No PSP-UFU a opção de editar o AVR engloba mais que somente o controle de tensão da máquina. Nele deve ser inserida a malha de controle da máquina assim como a excitatriz da máquina síncrona. Outras estratégias de controle (opcionais), como PSS (Power System Stabilizer) e/ou controles de sobre e sub excitação, são também implementadas em conjunto (como apresentado na figura anterior).

Atenção!

Assim como no AVR, o Regulador de Velocidade engloba mais que a regulação primária da máquina. Nessa opção deve ser inserida ao menos a malha de controle da regulação primária de velocidade, assim como o modelo da turbina. Estratégias opcionais de controle da velocidade também são inseridas nessa opção.

Elementos de Controle

O acesso aos elementos de controle é realizado em uma janela (removível e encaixável) por meio de ícones relacionados.

Uma vez que o usuário clicar no ícone desejado, o elemento de controle acompanhará o ponteiro do mouse até ser efetivamente inserido na posição desejada ao clicar novamente na área de trabalho. Os elementos são então conectados por “linhas de conexão” inseridas ao clicar nos nós dos componentes previamente adicionados, permitindo a construção da rede de controle genérica.

As ferramentas de manipulação e navegação, como arrastar, mover e excluir são herdadas do editor de elementos de potência, possuindo comportamento idêntico. A edição dos dados dos componentes inseridos também é realizada com duplo clique sobre o elemento inserido, exibindo um formulário de edição de dados.

Os seguintes blocos de controle estão presentes no PSP-UFU:

Inicialização do sistema de controle

Caso as entradas do sistema de controle apresentem valores diferentes de zero ou a primeira operação entre elas não resulte em uma saída nula, o sistema necessita de inicialização, de forma a adequar os valores de entradas e saída dos blocos elementares e dos vetores de estado das funções transferências presentes. Tal procedimento é realizado por meio da solução de toda rede de controle até que se obtenha sua convergência, ou seja, a diferença absoluta entre as mesmas saídas de uma solução anterior e uma atual deve ser nula ou muito próxima de zero.

info

O processo de inicialização é realizada automaticamente pelo PSP-UFU.

Uma vez que a inicialização é imposta pelas entradas do controle, erros de convergência podem ocorrer devido à má parametrização dos elementos dos sistemas de potência e controle.

Para otimizar e melhorar a estabilidade do processo de inicialização utilizou-se um passo de integração variável dentro de limites, de forma que o passo aumenta em condições de diferenças menores entre as soluções do sistema de controle e diminui caso essa diferença se torne elevada. A implementação dessa abordagem reduziu significativamente o encerramento do processo com erro causado pela instabilidade numérica, além de acelerar a inicialização.

O fluxograma abaixo evidencia o processo de inicialização implementado no PSP-UFU:

Estrutura da inicialização do sistema de controle

Teste do diagrama de controle

Na parte inferior esquerda do Editor de Controle está presente o botão "Testar Sistema...". O botão acessa o formulário de teste de controles, como é indicado na figura abaixo:

Formulário de teste de controles

Nesse formulário é possível inserir o comportamento de todas as entradas do diagrama:

  • Tipo de entrada: Define um dos tipos de entradas possíveis no PSP-UFU: "Passo (Step)", Rampa (Ramp) ou Quadrática (Quadratic);
  • Tempo de início (tit_i): Define o tempo de início na simulação da entrada definida. As entradas iniciais são sempre definidas como zero e assumem valores diferentes após o tempo de início;
  • Inclinação (α\alpha): Valor relacionado ao tipo de entrada:
    • Para entrada do tipo "Passo" - O valor da inclinação define o valor final do passo:
      {Se t<tif(t)=0,0Se ttif(t)=α\begin{cases} \text{Se~} t < t_i \rightarrow f(t) = 0,0\\ \text{Se~} t \ge t_i \rightarrow f(t) = \alpha \end{cases}
    • Para entrada do tipo "Rampa" - define o coeficiente de inclinação da reta:
      {Se t<tif(t)=0,0Se ttif(t)=α×t\begin{cases} \text{Se~} t < t_i \rightarrow f(t) = 0,0\\ \text{Se~} t \ge t_i \rightarrow f(t) = \alpha \times t \end{cases}
    • Para entrada do tipo "Quadrática" - define o coeficiente de crescimento da curva:
      {Se t<tif(t)=0,0Se ttif(t)=α×t2\begin{cases} \text{Se~} t < t_i \rightarrow f(t) = 0,0\\ \text{Se~} t \ge t_i \rightarrow f(t) = \alpha \times t^2 \end{cases}
  • Passo de integração (hh): Passo do método de integração Trapezoidal Implícito;
  • Tempo de simulação (tft_f): Tempo total de simulação.

Após a simulação os resultados são exibidos no visualizador de gráficos.

Atenção!

A mesma parametrização de entrada é aplicada em todos os blocos de entrada do sistema.

Dica

É possível aplicar várias entradas distintas (inclusive com condicionais!) utilizando o bloco de expressão matemática.

Utilizando o bloco de expressão matemática é possível inserir entradas complexas, como por exemplo testar o diagrama de blocos (AVR DC1C + PSS1A - IEEE Std. 421.5-2016) da figura abaixo:

Sistema de controle sob teste
Comparação do sistema de controle sob teste
+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/docs/divider/index.html b/docs/docs/divider/index.html index f6940607..7f5eae2a 100644 --- a/docs/docs/divider/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/divider/index.html @@ -3,31 +3,31 @@ - -Divisor | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - + +Divisor | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/docs/exponential/index.html b/docs/docs/exponential/index.html index 13427143..dd374a52 100644 --- a/docs/docs/exponential/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/exponential/index.html @@ -3,31 +3,31 @@ - -Exponencial | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - + +Exponencial | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + -
-

Exponencial

A função exponencial dos elementos de controle realiza essa operação com uma entrada real, obedecendo a expressão:

yn=AeBuny_n = \bold{A} e^{\bold{B} u_n}

Em que:

  • unu_n e yny_n é a entrada e a saída do bloco exponencial, respectivamente;
  • A\bold{A} e B\bold{B} são constantes definidas pelo usuário.

Formulário de edição de dados do bloco Exponencial

A figura abaixo apresenta o formulário de edição de dados do bloco exponencial.

Formulário de edição de dados do bloco exponencial no PSP-UFU

Esse bloco não linear é definido pelas constantes A e B, inseridas pelo usuário.

Informação

Tais blocos são úteis na representação de não linearidades, como, por exemplo, modelagem da saturação de máquinas de corrente contínuas presentes em alguns reguladores automáticos de tensão.

- - - - - - - - - - +
+

Exponencial

A função exponencial dos elementos de controle realiza essa operação com uma entrada real, obedecendo a expressão:

yn=AeBuny_n = \bold{A} e^{\bold{B} u_n}

Em que:

  • unu_n e yny_n é a entrada e a saída do bloco exponencial, respectivamente;
  • A\bold{A} e B\bold{B} são constantes definidas pelo usuário.

Formulário de edição de dados do bloco Exponencial

A figura abaixo apresenta o formulário de edição de dados do bloco exponencial.

Formulário de edição de dados do bloco exponencial no PSP-UFU

Esse bloco não linear é definido pelas constantes A e B, inseridas pelo usuário.

Informação

Tais blocos são úteis na representação de não linearidades, como, por exemplo, modelagem da saturação de máquinas de corrente contínuas presentes em alguns reguladores automáticos de tensão.

+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/docs/fault/index.html b/docs/docs/fault/index.html index bc1b4208..8353f389 100644 --- a/docs/docs/fault/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/fault/index.html @@ -3,22 +3,22 @@ - -Curto-Circuito | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - + +Curto-Circuito | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + -
-

Curto-Circuito

O principal objetivo da análise de curto-circuito é o cálculo das correntes e tensões de falta para especificação de disjuntores, transformadores de corrente e a parametrização de relés de proteção. De 70 a 80% das faltas em linhas de transmissão são entre uma fase e terra, as quais ocorrem devido ao centelhamento de apenas uma fase da linha para a torre e então para a terra.O menor número de faltas, cerca de 5%, envolve todas as três fases, chamadas de faltas trifásicas. Os outros tipos de faltas envolvem duas fases e duas fases e a terra.

Todas essas falhas, exceto a trifásica, são assimétricas e causam desequilíbrio entre as fases.

Cálculo de Curto-Circuito no PSP-UFU

O primeiro estágio do cálculo de curto-circuito é a determinação das tensões pré-falta, das potências de geração e cargas do sistema. Esses dados são obtidos por meio do estudo de fluxo de carga.

Informação

Atualmente, o PSP-UFU fornece resultado para os seguintes tipos de falta:

  • Falta Trifásica (3F-T);
  • Falta Fase-Terra (F-T);
  • Falta Fase-Fase (F-F);
  • Falta Fase-Fase-Terra (F-F-T).

Os modelos dos elementos elétricos que constituem um sistema de potência para o estudo de curto-circuito são semelhantes aos do fluxo de carga, apresentando algumas divergências para as faltas desbalanceadas (F-T, F-F e F-F-T).

As faltas que ocorrem com maior frequência em sistemas de potência são assimétricas. Como qualquer falta assimétrica provoca fluxo de corrente desequilibrada é necessário empregar o método das componentes simétricas. Esse método permite o estudo de sistemas balanceados em conjunto cargas desbalanceadas.

Execução do cálculo de curto-circuito no PSP-UFU

Existem duas formas de se calcular o curto-circuito no PSP-UFU:

  • Falta: Calcula a falta inserida nas barras. Nesse tipo de cálculo é possível calcular faltas shunt nos barramentos balanceadas e desbalanceadas.
  • Nível de curto-circuito: Calcula o nível de curto-circuito (falta trifásica) em todos barramentos do sistema.

Após a construção do diagrama unifilar no editor de potência, a execução do cálculo de curto-circuito é realizada no menu Simulação clicando no botão Falta. Para calcular o nível de curto-circuito (falta trifásica) em todos barramentos do sistema, basta clicar no botão Nível de curto-circuito.

Execução dos cálculos de curto-circuito
Atenção

É possível calcular as faltas sem a execução do fluxo de carga, porém não é recomendável, visto que os valores das correntes de falta são significativamente alteradas.

Outra possibilidade é a execução por meio do cálculo contínuo, também presente no menu Simulação e seu acionamento é realizado co clicar no botão Habilitar solução. Com essa opção, os cálculos estáticos selecionados nas configurações de simulação são automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer parâmetros da rede, como dados elétricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remoção ou inserção).

Cuidado!

Os cálculos de curtos-circuitos não são habilitados por padrão no cálculo contínuo e devem ser inseridos nas configurações de simulação.

Os resultados do cálculo de curto-circuito são exibidos nos elementos de texto vinculado, ao posicionar o mouse sobre os barramentos e em relatórios tabulares.

Erros comuns na execução do cálculo de curto-circuito

A seguir são apresentados os erros mais comuns relacionados ao calculo de curto-circuito.

A seguinte mensagem de erro é exibida: "Falha ao inverter a matriz admitância de sequência zero"

  • Impossibilidade de circulação da corrente de sequência zero. Caso o gerador não seja aterrado, não circulará corrente de sequência zero por ele. Nesse caso, dependendo da conexão do transformador próximo ao gerador sem aterramento, a matriz admitância de sequência zero é singular. Para contornar esse problema escolha uma das duas soluções abaixo:
    • Marque a opção "Neutro aterrado" e insira um alto valor de reatância de aterramento (j9999 p.u.j9999~p.u., por exemplo);
    • Ou, na barra do gerador, insira um reator de baixo valor de potência reativa (1,0 var1{,}0~var, por exemplo).

O cálculo de curto-circuito

Como já foi apresentado anteriormente, as faltas que ocorrem com maior frequência em sistemas de potência são assimétricas. Como qualquer falta assimétrica provoca fluxo de corrente desequilibrada é necessário empregar o método das componentes simétricas. Esse método permite o estudo de sistemas balanceados com cargas desbalanceadas.

Método das componentes simétricas

Esse método proposto por C. L. Fortescue, permite definir um sistema de n fasores desbalanceados em n – 1 sistemas de n fases balanceados e um sistema de fase zero. O sistema de fase zero é definido por todas as fases de mesmo módulo e ângulo. +

+

Curto-Circuito

O principal objetivo da análise de curto-circuito é o cálculo das correntes e tensões de falta para especificação de disjuntores, transformadores de corrente e a parametrização de relés de proteção. De 70 a 80% das faltas em linhas de transmissão são entre uma fase e terra, as quais ocorrem devido ao centelhamento de apenas uma fase da linha para a torre e então para a terra.O menor número de faltas, cerca de 5%, envolve todas as três fases, chamadas de faltas trifásicas. Os outros tipos de faltas envolvem duas fases e duas fases e a terra.

Todas essas falhas, exceto a trifásica, são assimétricas e causam desequilíbrio entre as fases.

Cálculo de Curto-Circuito no PSP-UFU

O primeiro estágio do cálculo de curto-circuito é a determinação das tensões pré-falta, das potências de geração e cargas do sistema. Esses dados são obtidos por meio do estudo de fluxo de carga.

Informação

Atualmente, o PSP-UFU fornece resultado para os seguintes tipos de falta:

  • Falta Trifásica (3F-T);
  • Falta Fase-Terra (F-T);
  • Falta Fase-Fase (F-F);
  • Falta Fase-Fase-Terra (F-F-T).

Os modelos dos elementos elétricos que constituem um sistema de potência para o estudo de curto-circuito são semelhantes aos do fluxo de carga, apresentando algumas divergências para as faltas desbalanceadas (F-T, F-F e F-F-T).

As faltas que ocorrem com maior frequência em sistemas de potência são assimétricas. Como qualquer falta assimétrica provoca fluxo de corrente desequilibrada é necessário empregar o método das componentes simétricas. Esse método permite o estudo de sistemas balanceados em conjunto cargas desbalanceadas.

Execução do cálculo de curto-circuito no PSP-UFU

Existem duas formas de se calcular o curto-circuito no PSP-UFU:

  • Falta: Calcula a falta inserida nas barras. Nesse tipo de cálculo é possível calcular faltas shunt nos barramentos balanceadas e desbalanceadas.
  • Nível de curto-circuito: Calcula o nível de curto-circuito (falta trifásica) em todos barramentos do sistema.

Após a construção do diagrama unifilar no editor de potência, a execução do cálculo de curto-circuito é realizada no menu Simulação clicando no botão Falta. Para calcular o nível de curto-circuito (falta trifásica) em todos barramentos do sistema, basta clicar no botão Nível de curto-circuito.

Execução dos cálculos de curto-circuito
Atenção

É possível calcular as faltas sem a execução do fluxo de carga, porém não é recomendável, visto que os valores das correntes de falta são significativamente alteradas.

Outra possibilidade é a execução por meio do cálculo contínuo, também presente no menu Simulação e seu acionamento é realizado co clicar no botão Habilitar solução. Com essa opção, os cálculos estáticos selecionados nas configurações de simulação são automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer parâmetros da rede, como dados elétricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remoção ou inserção).

Cuidado!

Os cálculos de curtos-circuitos não são habilitados por padrão no cálculo contínuo e devem ser inseridos nas configurações de simulação.

Os resultados do cálculo de curto-circuito são exibidos nos elementos de texto vinculado, ao posicionar o mouse sobre os barramentos e em relatórios tabulares.

Erros comuns na execução do cálculo de curto-circuito

A seguir são apresentados os erros mais comuns relacionados ao calculo de curto-circuito.

A seguinte mensagem de erro é exibida: "Falha ao inverter a matriz admitância de sequência zero"

  • Impossibilidade de circulação da corrente de sequência zero. Caso o gerador não seja aterrado, não circulará corrente de sequência zero por ele. Nesse caso, dependendo da conexão do transformador próximo ao gerador sem aterramento, a matriz admitância de sequência zero é singular. Para contornar esse problema escolha uma das duas soluções abaixo:
    • Marque a opção "Neutro aterrado" e insira um alto valor de reatância de aterramento (j9999 p.u.j9999~p.u., por exemplo);
    • Ou, na barra do gerador, insira um reator de baixo valor de potência reativa (1,0 var1{,}0~var, por exemplo).

O cálculo de curto-circuito

Como já foi apresentado anteriormente, as faltas que ocorrem com maior frequência em sistemas de potência são assimétricas. Como qualquer falta assimétrica provoca fluxo de corrente desequilibrada é necessário empregar o método das componentes simétricas. Esse método permite o estudo de sistemas balanceados com cargas desbalanceadas.

Método das componentes simétricas

Esse método proposto por C. L. Fortescue, permite definir um sistema de n fasores desbalanceados em n – 1 sistemas de n fases balanceados e um sistema de fase zero. O sistema de fase zero é definido por todas as fases de mesmo módulo e ângulo. Para um sistema trifásico pode-se definir três componentes de sequência:

  1. Componentes de sequência positiva, constituindo em três fasores iguais em módulo, 120º defasados entre si, e tendo a mesma sequência de fase que os fasores originais;
  2. Componentes de sequência negativa, constituindo em três fasores iguais em módulo, 120º defasados entre si, e tendo a sequência de fase oposta à dos fasores originais.
  3. Componentes de sequência zero, constituindo em três fasores iguais em módulo e com defasagem nula entre si.

Com isso pode-se decompor as tensões de fase em componentes simétricas pelas seguintes equações:

{V˙a=V˙a1+V˙a2+V˙a0V˙b=V˙b1+V˙b2+V˙b0V˙c=V˙c1+V˙c2+V˙c0\begin{cases} \dot{V}_a = \dot{V}_{a1} + \dot{V}_{a2} + \dot{V}_{a0}\\ \dot{V}_b = \dot{V}_{b1} + \dot{V}_{b2} + \dot{V}_{b0}\\ \dot{V}_c = \dot{V}_{c1} + \dot{V}_{c2} + \dot{V}_{c0} \end{cases}

A figura abaixo apresenta um exemplo de componentes simétricas e sua soma para obter os fasores desequilibrados.

Exemplo de componentes simétricas e sua soma para obter os fasores desequilibrados

Para simplificar os cálculos adota-se um operador “a\overline{a}”, com o intuito de indicar a rotação de um fasor. Tal operador é um número complexo de módulo unitário e ângulo de 120º:

a=1120=1ej2π/3=0,5+j0,866\overline{a} = 1 \angle 120^{\circ} = 1 e^{j2\pi/3} = -0{,}5 + j0{,}866

Com isso pode-se utilizar as equações (de tensão apresentadas em conjunto com o operador “a\overline{a}” para construir a seguinte equação matricial:

[V˙aV˙bV˙c]=[1111a2a1aa2][A][V˙a0V˙a1V˙a2]\begin{bmatrix} \dot{V}_a\\ \dot{V}_b\\ \dot{V}_c \end{bmatrix} = \overbrace{ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1\\ 1 & \overline{a}^2 & \overline{a}\\ 1 & \overline{a} & \overline{a}^2 \end{bmatrix} }^{\left[ \bold{A} \right]} \begin{bmatrix} \dot{V}_{a0}\\ \dot{V}_{a1}\\ \dot{V}_{a2} \end{bmatrix}

Considerando a matriz quadrada da equação anterior sendo [A]\left[ \bold{A} \right], pode-se encontrar as componentes simétricas pré-multiplicando ambos os lados dessa mesma equação por [A]1\left[ \bold{A} \right]^{-1}.

Da mesma forma que no estudo de fluxo de carga, a representação dos elementos do sistema para o estudo de curto-circuito é realizada por meio de circuitos equivalentes inseridos na matriz admitância de barras. Nas faltas assimétricas (F-T, F-F e F-F-T) é necessário formar três matrizes admitância de sequência: positiva, negativa e zero.

Informação

As informações a respeito das particularidades dos modelos para o estudo de curto-circuito são apresentados individualmente nos elementos de potência.

Equações do curto-circuito

Primeiramente será tratado o equacionamento para faltas balanceadas e então os estudos serão estendidos para as faltas desbalanceadas por meio da utilização do método das componentes simétricas.

Faltas balanceadas

Utiliza-se da matriz impedância de barras para o cálculo de curto-circuito, definida pela seguinte equação matricial:

[V˙]=[Zbus][I˙][\dot{V}] = [Z_{bus}][\dot{I}]

Em que:

  • [Zbus][Z_{bus}] é a inversa da matriz admitância de barras, chamada de matriz impedância de barras.

Por meio da expansão da equação anterior é possível calcular a corrente de falta trifásica na barra genérica ii:

I˙f=E˙izii+zf\dot{I}_f = \frac{\dot{E}_i}{\overline{z}_{ii}+\overline{z}_{f}}

Em que:

  • I˙f\dot{I}_f é a corrente de falta trifásica na barra ii
  • E˙i\dot{E}_i é a tensão pré-falta na barra ii
  • zii\overline{z}_{ii} é a impedância equivalente de Thevenin vista pela barra ii, retirada da matriz impedância
  • zf\overline{z}_{f} é a impedância de falta

Faltas desbalanceadas

O desenvolvimento das equações do cálculo de curto-circuito para faltas desbalanceadas é realizado seguindo o seguinte procedimento:

  1. Definir os diagramas no ponto da falta, mostrando as conexões de todas fases para a falta. Assume-se que apenas impedâncias balanceadas estão presentes em ambos os lados do ponto da falta e o equivalente Thevenin até esse ponto é conhecido;
  2. Escrever as condições de contorno relacionando as tensões e corrente conhecidas para o tipo de falta estudada;
  3. Transformar as correntes e tensões do item 2 de a-b-c para o sistema de coordenadas 0-1-2;
  4. Encontrar a corrente do curto-circuito em estudo baseado no seguinte sistema de equações (para a fase A):
    {V˙a1=E˙aI˙a1z1V˙a2=I˙a2z2V˙a0=I˙a0z0\begin{cases} \dot{V}_{a1} = \dot{E}_a - \dot{I}_{a1} \overline{z}_1\\ \dot{V}_{a2} = - \dot{I}_{a2} \overline{z}_2\\ \dot{V}_{a0} = - \dot{I}_{a0} \overline{z}_0 \end{cases}

A tabela abaixo apresenta as equações para as faltas desbalanceadas após a execução do procedimento apresenteado:

FaltaSeq. Positiva (I˙f1\dot{I}_{f}^{1})Seq. Negativa (I˙f2\dot{I}_{f}^{2})Seq. Zero (I˙f0\dot{I}_{f}^{0})
F-TE˙izii1+zii2+zii0+3zf\dfrac{\dot{E}_i}{\overline{z}_{ii}^{1} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{0} + 3 \overline{z}_{f}}I˙f1\dot{I}_{f}^{1}I˙f1\dot{I}_{f}^{1}
F-FE˙izii1+zii2+zf\dfrac{\dot{E}_i}{\overline{z}_{ii}^{1} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} + \overline{z}_{f}}I˙f1- \dot{I}_{f}^{1}0,00{,}0
F-F-TE˙i(zii2+zii0+3zf)zii1zii2+3zii2zf+zii2zii0+3zii1zf+zii1zii0\dfrac{\dot{E}_i \left( \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{0} + 3 \overline{z}_{f} \right)}{\overline{z}_{ii}^{1} \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} + 3 \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} \overline{z}_{f} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{2} \overline{z}_{ii}^{0} + 3 \overline{z}_{ii}^{1} \overline{z}_{f} + \overline{z}_{ii}^{1} \overline{z}_{ii}^{0} }E˙izii1I˙f1zii2- \dfrac{\dot{E}_i - \overline{z}_{ii}^{1} \dot{I}_{f}^{1}}{\overline{z}_{ii}^{2}}E˙izii1I˙f1zii0+3zf- \dfrac{\dot{E}_i - \overline{z}_{ii}^{1} \dot{I}_{f}^{1}}{\overline{z}_{ii}^{0} + 3 \overline{z}_{f}}

Para obter os valores em a-b-c é usada a equação matricial apresentada anteriormente, encerrando o cálculo de curto-circuito.

Referências

  1. ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286
  2. STEVENSON JR.; WILLIAN, D. Elementos de Análise de Sistemas de Potência. 2ª ed. São Paulo: McGraw-Hill, 1986.
  3. ANDERSON, P. M.; FOUAD, A. A. Power System Control and Stability. Wiley-IEEE Press, New York, 2002. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/9780470545577
  4. FORTESCUE, C. L. Method of Symmetrical Coordinates Applied to the Solution of Polyphase Networks. Trans. AIEE, v. 37, p.1027-1140, 1918. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/T-AIEE.1918.4765570
  5. ANDERSON, P. M. Analysis of faulted power systems. New York: IEEE Press, 1995.
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Visualizador de Gráficos

Para exibição dos resultados originados dos cálculos de estabilidade e varredura de frequências, desenvolveu-se um visualizador de gráficos, como mostra a figura abaixo:

Visualizador de gráficos do PSP-UFU

Criação, manipulação e navegação de curvas

Tal visualizador utiliza a biblioteca wxMathPlot, e permite ao usuário imprimir todas as curvas no tempo originadas dos resultados de estabilidade e varredura de frequências, acessados em dados hierárquicos em forma de árvore, identificados pelo tipo e nome do elemento de potência, além do tipo de curva.

Informação

As curvas podem ser plotadas com clique duplo sobre ela ou ao selecionar a caixa "Plotar" nas propriedades do traço.

Os gráficos impressos podem ser caracterizados pela edição de suas propriedades do traço, ou seja, pode-se alterar a cor, espessura e tipo de traço (seis tipos disponíveis). Por padrão o eixo vertical é o tempo (em estabilidade) ou frequência (varredura de frequências), porém o usuário pode alterar para qualquer curva disponível.

Várias propriedades gerais do gráfico podem ser editadas: título do gráfico, rótulos dos eixos x e y, margens e limites inferiores e superiores de ambos os eixos.

O menu Visualização permite a inserção de exibição de legenda, linhas de grade e coordenadas do ponteiro do mouse (utilizada para destacar pontos na curva), além da possibilidade de alternar o tema de impressão entre escuro e claro, facilitando a visualização ou exportação do gráfico.

No menu Arquivo, pode-se salvar o gráfico na forma de imagem (.png, .jpg ou .bmp) ou enviá-lo diretamente para a área de transferência. No mesmo menu também é permitido a exportação no formato CSV (Comma-separated Values), o qual poderá ser utilizado em outros visualizadores de gráficos, como o Excel ou o gnuplot.

A área de plotagem permite a navegação utilizando ferramentas de zoom, por área de seleção e comandos de mouse, e arrasto das curvas impressas.

Dica

Ao clicar com o botão direito sobre a área de plotagem as opções de manipulação são exibidas por meio de um menu de contexto.

Os seguintes comandos de mouse são utilizados para navegação das curvas:

ComandoAção
Botão esquerdo pressionado + Selecionar áreaSeleciona a área de zoom
Botão direito pressionado + Mover mouseArrasta a curva
Roda do mouseArrasto vertical
Roda do mouse + ShiftArrasto horizontal
Roda do mouse + CtrlMais/menos zoom
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Fonte de Corrente Harmônica

(Fonte de perturbação harmônica) Parte do sistema elétrico de potência ou das instalações a ele conectadas, que causa distorção harmônica da forma de onda da corrente e / ou tensão. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Fonte de corrente harmônica no PSP-UFU

As fontes de corrente harmônica são responsáveis pela injeção de correntes harmônicas e são utilizadas pela ferramenta de cálculo de distorções harmônicas. Uma lista de correntes harmônicas pode ser inserida em um mesmo elemento, conforme é exibido na o formulário de edição de dados.

Atenção!

A presença da fonte de corrente harmônica não é considerada nos estudos de fluxo de carga, curto-circuito e estabilidade.

Formulário de edição das fontes de corrente harmônica

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados da fonte de corrente harmônica:

Formulário dos indutores no PSP-UFU

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Ordem

Especifica a ordem harmônica a ser inserida na lista de correntes harmônicas do elemento. Caso a ordem harmônica já exista na lista, ela será substituída pelos novos parâmetros.

Corrente

Módulo da corrente harmônica.

Unidade

Unidade do módulo de corrente harmônica, em A ou p.u.p.u.

Ângulo

Ângulo da corrente harmônica, em graus.

Adicionar / Remover

Insere ou modifica a nova ordem harmônica ao clicar em “Adicionar”. Retira a ordem harmônica selecionada da lista ao clicar em “Remover”.

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Fonte de Corrente Harmônica

(Fonte de perturbação harmônica) Parte do sistema elétrico de potência ou das instalações a ele conectadas, que causa distorção harmônica da forma de onda da corrente e / ou tensão. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Fonte de corrente harmônica no PSP-UFU

As fontes de corrente harmônica são responsáveis pela injeção de correntes harmônicas e são utilizadas pela ferramenta de cálculo de distorções harmônicas. Uma lista de correntes harmônicas pode ser inserida em um mesmo elemento, conforme é exibido na o formulário de edição de dados.

Atenção!

A presença da fonte de corrente harmônica não é considerada nos estudos de fluxo de carga, curto-circuito e estabilidade.

Formulário de edição das fontes de corrente harmônica

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados da fonte de corrente harmônica:

Formulário dos indutores no PSP-UFU

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Ordem

Especifica a ordem harmônica a ser inserida na lista de correntes harmônicas do elemento. Caso a ordem harmônica já exista na lista, ela será substituída pelos novos parâmetros.

Corrente

Módulo da corrente harmônica.

Unidade

Unidade do módulo de corrente harmônica, em A ou p.u.p.u.

Ângulo

Ângulo da corrente harmônica, em graus.

Adicionar / Remover

Insere ou modifica a nova ordem harmônica ao clicar em “Adicionar”. Retira a ordem harmônica selecionada da lista ao clicar em “Remover”.

+ + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/docs/harmonics/index.html b/docs/docs/harmonics/index.html index ae5b30c2..1d5b5c1f 100644 --- a/docs/docs/harmonics/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/harmonics/index.html @@ -3,31 +3,31 @@ - -Harmônicos | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - + +Harmônicos | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + -
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Harmônicos

Duas ferramentas relacionadas a harmônicos foram desenvolvidas no PSP-UFU:

  • Distorção Harmônica Total de Tensão (THD, do inglês Total Harmonic Distortion);
  • Resposta na Frequência.

A ferramenta de Distorção Harmônica Total calcula as tensões harmônicas causadas por fontes de corrente harmônicas, assim como o THD de todos os barramentos do sistema.

A ferramenta de Resposta na Frequência (ou análise de varredura de frequência) envolve a variação da impedância da rede em um espectro de frequências observado a partir de um certo barramento.

Informação

A análise de varredura de frequência é amplamente usada no projeto de filtros harmônicos.

Dica

Um arranjo série de uma linha sem as susceptâncias shunt, um barramento e um capacitor pode ser utilizado para fabricar um filtro passivo nos estudos harmônicos. Em versões futuras, um elemento de filtro passivo será implementado no PSP-UFU.

Atenção!

Na versão atual do programa não são consideradas as alterações das resistências do sistema causado pelo efeito pelicular. Versões futuras irão contemplar tal característica.

Execução do cálculo de harmônicos no PSP-UFU

Após a construção do diagrama unifilar no editor de potência, a execução do cálculo das distorções harmônicas é realizada no menu Simulação clicando no botão Distorções Harmônicas. Para acessar a ferramenta de de varredura de frequência, basta clicar no botão Resposta na Frequência.

Acesso às ferramentas de estudo harmônico

Distorções Harmônicas

Ao clicar sobre o botão "Distorções Harmônicas" as distorções causadas pelas fontes de corrente harmônica são calculadas em todos os barramentos do sistema.

Atenção!

Caso não forem inseridas fontes de corrente harmônica no sistema de potência, a distorção de tensão de todas as barras será 0,0 %0{,}0~\%.

Outra possibilidade é a execução por meio do cálculo contínuo, também presente no menu Simulação e seu acionamento é realizado co clicar no botão Habilitar solução. Com essa opção, os cálculos estáticos selecionados nas configurações de simulação são automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer parâmetros da rede, como dados elétricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remoção ou inserção).

Cuidado!

Os cálculos dos níveis de THD não são habilitados por padrão no cálculo contínuo e devem ser inseridos nas configurações de simulação.

Os resultados das distorções harmônicas são exibidos nos elementos de texto vinculados e ao posicionar o mouse sobre um barramento.

Resposta na Frequência

Ao clicar sobre o botão "Resposta na Frequência" será exibido um formulário para inserção dos parâmetros da ferramenta:

Acesso à ferramentas resposta na frequência

Frequência inicial

Define a frequência inicial da varredura.

Frequência final

Define a frequência final da varredura.

Passo de frequência

Define o passo de incremento da frequência. Passos menores irão gerar gráficos mais precisos, porém podem aumentar muito o tempo de execução.

Corrente injetada

Define o barramento o qual será injetada a corrente harmônica para análise.

Dica

Esse campo pode ser entendido como: "A resposta das impedâncias harmônicas vistas pelos barramentos do sistema caso tenha uma fonte de corrente harmônica na barra selecionada".

Botão Executar

Ao clicar no botão executar a varredura será executada e os resultados exibidos no vizualizador de gráficos, como mostra a imagem abaixo.

Exemplo de resposta na frequência
Cuidado!

Para visualizar a varredura da impedância harmônica de um barramento, essa opção deve ser habilitada em seu formulário de edição de dados.

Cálculos das ferramentas harmônicas

Ambos cálculos são realizados a partir da seguinte equação matricial:

[I˙]h=[Ybus]h[V˙]h[\dot{I}]^h= [Y_{bus}]^h [\dot{V}]^h

Em que:

  • [I˙]h[\dot{I}]^h Vetor das correntes harmônicas injetadas nas barras
  • [Ybus]h[Y_{bus}]^h Matriz admitância harmônica de barras
  • [V˙]h[\dot{V}]^h Vetor das tensões harmônicas nas barras
  • hh Ordem harmônica

O vetor das correntes harmônicas injetadas é definido no programa utilizando um elemento de potência, chamado “fonte de corrente harmônica”, em que o usuário pode criar uma lista de correntes injetadas (em A e/ou p.u.p.u.) em um barramento.

O programa define automaticamente as ordens harmônicas na simulação analisando todas as listas de fontes de corrente harmônicas previamente aos cálculos. Com isso são calculadas as admitâncias harmônicas necessárias de cada elemento pela multiplicação das reatâncias indutivas (xl1x_{l}^1) e susceptâncias capacitivas (bc1b_{c}^1) fundamentais de cada elemento pelas ordens harmônicas:

xlh=h×xl1bch=h×bc1x_{l}^h=h×x_l^1\\ b_{c}^h=h×b_c^1

Uma vez calculadas as admitâncias harmônicas, são utilizados os mesmos modelos e algoritmos convencionais para construção da YbushY_{bus}^h.

A equação matricial é resolvida usando o método de eliminação gaussiana para evitar a inversão de cada matriz de admitância harmônica. Este procedimento torna o cálculo das tensões harmônicas computacionalmente eficiente.

Uma vez calculadas as tensões harmônicas, a THD em uma barra genérica ii pode ser definida por:

THDi=h=2nVihVi1\text{THD}_i=\dfrac{\sum_{h=2}^{n} V_{i}^h}{V_i^1}

Na ferramenta de Resposta na Frequência uma corrente senoidal é injetada na barra em uma faixa de frequências e o conjunto de equações matriciais é usado para calcular a resposta da tensão. Este cálculo é repetido em etapas discretas cobrindo o espectro de frequência especificado.

O programa usa a matriz admitância de sequência positiva e uma corrente injetada de 1,0p.u.1{,}0 p.u. também de sequência positiva na equação matricial para calcular diretamente as impedâncias em p.u.

Referências

  1. ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Power System Harmonics. John Wiley & Sons; Chichester, 2003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/0470871229
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+

Harmônicos

Duas ferramentas relacionadas a harmônicos foram desenvolvidas no PSP-UFU:

  • Distorção Harmônica Total de Tensão (THD, do inglês Total Harmonic Distortion);
  • Resposta na Frequência.

A ferramenta de Distorção Harmônica Total calcula as tensões harmônicas causadas por fontes de corrente harmônicas, assim como o THD de todos os barramentos do sistema.

A ferramenta de Resposta na Frequência (ou análise de varredura de frequência) envolve a variação da impedância da rede em um espectro de frequências observado a partir de um certo barramento.

Informação

A análise de varredura de frequência é amplamente usada no projeto de filtros harmônicos.

Dica

Um arranjo série de uma linha sem as susceptâncias shunt, um barramento e um capacitor pode ser utilizado para fabricar um filtro passivo nos estudos harmônicos. Em versões futuras, um elemento de filtro passivo será implementado no PSP-UFU.

Atenção!

Na versão atual do programa não são consideradas as alterações das resistências do sistema causado pelo efeito pelicular. Versões futuras irão contemplar tal característica.

Execução do cálculo de harmônicos no PSP-UFU

Após a construção do diagrama unifilar no editor de potência, a execução do cálculo das distorções harmônicas é realizada no menu Simulação clicando no botão Distorções Harmônicas. Para acessar a ferramenta de de varredura de frequência, basta clicar no botão Resposta na Frequência.

Acesso às ferramentas de estudo harmônico

Distorções Harmônicas

Ao clicar sobre o botão "Distorções Harmônicas" as distorções causadas pelas fontes de corrente harmônica são calculadas em todos os barramentos do sistema.

Atenção!

Caso não forem inseridas fontes de corrente harmônica no sistema de potência, a distorção de tensão de todas as barras será 0,0 %0{,}0~\%.

Outra possibilidade é a execução por meio do cálculo contínuo, também presente no menu Simulação e seu acionamento é realizado co clicar no botão Habilitar solução. Com essa opção, os cálculos estáticos selecionados nas configurações de simulação são automaticamente realizados ao modificar quaisquer parâmetros da rede, como dados elétricos e acionamento dos disjuntores dos elementos (remoção ou inserção).

Cuidado!

Os cálculos dos níveis de THD não são habilitados por padrão no cálculo contínuo e devem ser inseridos nas configurações de simulação.

Os resultados das distorções harmônicas são exibidos nos elementos de texto vinculados e ao posicionar o mouse sobre um barramento.

Resposta na Frequência

Ao clicar sobre o botão "Resposta na Frequência" será exibido um formulário para inserção dos parâmetros da ferramenta:

Acesso à ferramentas resposta na frequência

Frequência inicial

Define a frequência inicial da varredura.

Frequência final

Define a frequência final da varredura.

Passo de frequência

Define o passo de incremento da frequência. Passos menores irão gerar gráficos mais precisos, porém podem aumentar muito o tempo de execução.

Corrente injetada

Define o barramento o qual será injetada a corrente harmônica para análise.

Dica

Esse campo pode ser entendido como: "A resposta das impedâncias harmônicas vistas pelos barramentos do sistema caso tenha uma fonte de corrente harmônica na barra selecionada".

Botão Executar

Ao clicar no botão executar a varredura será executada e os resultados exibidos no vizualizador de gráficos, como mostra a imagem abaixo.

Exemplo de resposta na frequência
Cuidado!

Para visualizar a varredura da impedância harmônica de um barramento, essa opção deve ser habilitada em seu formulário de edição de dados.

Cálculos das ferramentas harmônicas

Ambos cálculos são realizados a partir da seguinte equação matricial:

[I˙]h=[Ybus]h[V˙]h[\dot{I}]^h= [Y_{bus}]^h [\dot{V}]^h

Em que:

  • [I˙]h[\dot{I}]^h Vetor das correntes harmônicas injetadas nas barras
  • [Ybus]h[Y_{bus}]^h Matriz admitância harmônica de barras
  • [V˙]h[\dot{V}]^h Vetor das tensões harmônicas nas barras
  • hh Ordem harmônica

O vetor das correntes harmônicas injetadas é definido no programa utilizando um elemento de potência, chamado “fonte de corrente harmônica”, em que o usuário pode criar uma lista de correntes injetadas (em A e/ou p.u.p.u.) em um barramento.

O programa define automaticamente as ordens harmônicas na simulação analisando todas as listas de fontes de corrente harmônicas previamente aos cálculos. Com isso são calculadas as admitâncias harmônicas necessárias de cada elemento pela multiplicação das reatâncias indutivas (xl1x_{l}^1) e susceptâncias capacitivas (bc1b_{c}^1) fundamentais de cada elemento pelas ordens harmônicas:

xlh=h×xl1bch=h×bc1x_{l}^h=h×x_l^1\\ b_{c}^h=h×b_c^1

Uma vez calculadas as admitâncias harmônicas, são utilizados os mesmos modelos e algoritmos convencionais para construção da YbushY_{bus}^h.

A equação matricial é resolvida usando o método de eliminação gaussiana para evitar a inversão de cada matriz de admitância harmônica. Este procedimento torna o cálculo das tensões harmônicas computacionalmente eficiente.

Uma vez calculadas as tensões harmônicas, a THD em uma barra genérica ii pode ser definida por:

THDi=h=2nVihVi1\text{THD}_i=\dfrac{\sum_{h=2}^{n} V_{i}^h}{V_i^1}

Na ferramenta de Resposta na Frequência uma corrente senoidal é injetada na barra em uma faixa de frequências e o conjunto de equações matriciais é usado para calcular a resposta da tensão. Este cálculo é repetido em etapas discretas cobrindo o espectro de frequência especificado.

O programa usa a matriz admitância de sequência positiva e uma corrente injetada de 1,0p.u.1{,}0 p.u. também de sequência positiva na equação matricial para calcular diretamente as impedâncias em p.u.

Referências

  1. ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Power System Harmonics. John Wiley & Sons; Chichester, 2003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/0470871229
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Mapa de Tensão

A ferramenta Mapa de Tensão utiliza o concento de mapa de calor para exibir os valores de tensão de todas as barras do sistema por meio de cores.

Dica

Essa ferramenta é útil para identificação de barras com sub e sobretensões no sistema de potência, assim como o efeito da inserção / remoção de elementos do sistema.

A legenda que correlaciona os valores do módulo da tensão com as cores são exibidas à esquerda da área de trabalho.

Habilitando a ferramenta Mapa de Tensão

A ferramenta pode ser habilitada ou desabilitada no submenu Ribbon Ferramentas clicando no botão Mapa de tensão ou pela tecla de atalho "Ctrl + Shift + H".

As configurações da ferramenta podem ser também acessadas no submenu Ribbon Ferramentas clicando no botão Configurações do projeto

Configurações da ferramenta Mapa de Tensão
Informação

Na versão atual do programa, somente as opções do mapa de tensão são exibidas nas configurações de projeto.

Os limites superiores e inferiores, em p.u.p.u. são editados nesse formulário.

Alternativamente, o programa pode calcular automaticamente os limites. Nesse caso, o limite superior será a maior tensão do circuito e o limite inferior será a menor tensão do circuito.

Cuidado!

O cálculo automático dos limites pode prejudicar a identificação de barras com sub e sobretensões no sistema.

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Motor de Indução

Uma máquina assíncrona da qual apenas um enrolamento é energizado. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Motor de indução trifásico no PSP-UFU

No PSP-UFU, os motores de indução são contemplados nos estudos de fluxo de carga e no estudo de estabilidade.

Informação

Os dados de estabilidade da máquina de indução são utilizados em conjunto com o fluxo de carga, calculando de forma correta a potência reativa das máquinas e consequentemente a tensão no barramento conectado.

Cuidado!

Ao marcar a opção "Calcular a potência reativa no fluxo de carga", devem ser inseridos os dados corretos na aba "Estabilidade", caso contrário, será atribuída uma potência reativa incorreta no motor.

Motor de indução trifásico no cálculo do fluxo de carga

A figura abaixo apresenta o modelo do motor de indução trifásico (MIT) de gaiola simples.

Circuito equivalente do motor de indução

As potências ativa e reativa podem ser calculadas em relação às variáveis e parâmetros do motor em p.u.p.u. como:

P=V2{(r2s)[(r2s)r1x1K1x2xm]+K1[(r2s)(xm+x1)+r1K1]}[(r2s)r1x1K1x2xm]2+[(r2s)(xm+x1)+r1K1]2Q=V2{K1[(r2s)r1x1K1x2xm](r2s)[(r2s)(xm+x1)+r1K1]}[(r2s)r1x1K1x2xm]2+[(r2s)(xm+x1)+r1K1]2 K1=x2+xmP = \frac{V^2 \left\{ \left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]+K_1 \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left(x_m+x_1 \right) + r_1 K_1 \right] \right\} }{\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]^2+\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right)(x_m+x_1 )+r_1 K_1 \right]^2}\\ Q = \frac{-V^2 \left\{ K_1 \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]- \left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left(x_m+x_1 \right) + r_1 K_1 \right] \right\} }{\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]^2+\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right)(x_m+x_1 )+r_1 K_1 \right]^2}\\ ~\\ K_1=x_2+x_m

Como pode ser observado nas equações acima, existem quatro variáveis e somente duas equações. Na prática, as variáveis podem ser reduzidas a três, uma vez que o módulo da tensão (V) é obtido nos resultados do fluxo de potência. Para resolver as equações é necessário definir uma variável adicional. A variável escolhida como fixa no PSP-UFU é a potência ativa (P), por fornecer resultados numericamente corretos e adequados para motores em situações de estabilidade.

Portanto, nesse modelo estático, a potência ativa é mantida constante durante o cálculo do fluxo de carga e o escorregamento (s) é atualizado em cada iteração. A equação da potência ativa pode ser reescrita em relação ao escorregamento:

(r2s)2A+(r2s)B+C=0\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right)^2 A + \left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) B + C = 0

Em que:

A=P(r12+K32)V2r1B=2P(r1K2+K3K4)V2(K2+K1K3)C=P(K22+K42)V2K1K4K2=x1K1x2xmK3=xm+x1K4=r1K1A = P \left( r_1^2 + K_3^2 \right) - V^2 r_1\\ B = 2P(r_1 K_2 + K_3 K_4) - V^2 \left(K_2 + K_1 K_3 \right)\\ C = P \left( K_2^2 + K_4^2 \right) - V^2 K_1 K_4\\ K_2 = -x_1 K_1 -x_2 x_m\\ K_3 = x_m + x_1\\ K_4 = r_1 K_1

Esse modelo pode ser inserido na solução do fluxo de carga seguindo os seguintes passos:

  1. As constantes K1K_1 a K4K_4 são inicialmente calculadas . Esses valores são mantidos constantes durante toda a solução;
  2. Em cada iteração são calculados os coeficientes AA, BB e CC utilizando o valor atualizado de VV;
  3. A equação quadrática é resolvida e dois valores de (r2s)\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) são obtidos, em que o maior deles é escolhido por estar na região estável da característica toque-escorregamento do motor;
  4. Utilizando o novo valor de (r2s)\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right), a potência reativa (QQ) é obtida. O vetor de potências é então atualizado e os procedimentos convencionais de solução do fluxo de potência são realizados.

Os passos de 2 a 4 são repetidos até que se obtenha a convergência.

Atenção!

No PSP-UFU, os motores de indução não são considerados no cálculo de curto-circuito.

Motor de indução trifásico no estudo de estabilidade

Uma importante carga dinâmica são os motores de indução, uma vez que correspondem a uma parcela significativa das cargas presentes no sistema elétrico. O modelo da máquina de indução apresentado anteriormente, a qual pode ser utilizada tanto como motor quanto como gerador, é bem estabelecida na literatura.

Como descrito na seção anterior, a inicialização dessa máquina é realizada em conjunto com o fluxo de potência, visto que a potência reativa exigida pela máquina de indução é dependente dos parâmetros do motor, assim como a tensão do seu barramento. Essa abordagem é necessária, pois métodos convencionais conduzem a resultados errôneos em sistemas altamente carregados.

É necessário expressar a equação de movimento da máquina de indução em termos de torque e não potência, como é realizado com as máquinas síncronas. A simetria do rotor também faz com que a posição angular não seja importante e o escorregamento (ss) é utilizado no lugar da velocidade (ω\omega), em que:

s=fracΩ0ωΩ0s = frac{\Omega_0 - \omega}{\Omega_0}

Desprezando as perdas por atrito e ventilação e a potência no eixo suave, as equações mecânicas do motor são expressas da seguinte forma:

Tm=ABs+Cs2Te=Re{E˙I˙}Ωbdsdt=(TmTe)2HT_m = A -Bs + Cs^2\\ T_e = \frac{Re\left\{ \dot{E}\dot{I}^* \right\}}{\Omega_b}\\ \frac{ds}{dt} = \frac{\left( T_m - T_e \right)}{2H}

Em que:

  • TmT_m é o torque mecânico;
  • TeT_e é o torque elétrico;
  • HH é a inércia do conjunto motor - carga mecânica

Os termos AA, BB e CC são termos que definem o comportamento do torque mecânico da carga de acordo com o escorregamento. O torque mecânico normalmente varia com a velocidade, podendo ser expressa proporcionalmente com a seguinte equação quadrática:

Tma+bω+cω2T_m \propto a + b\omega + c\omega^2

Em que:

{Aa+b+cBb+2cCc\begin{cases} A \propto a + b + c \\ B \propto b + 2c \\ C \propto c \end{cases}

As equações elétricas do motor de indução de gaiola simples são baseadas no circuito equivalente da figura anterior. De forma semelhante ao modelo transitório da máquina síncrona, o motor de indução pode ser modelado pelo circuito equivalente de Thevenin de tensão transitória EE' atrás de uma resistência do estator r1r_1 e uma reatância transitória xx'. A reatância transitória aparente de rotor bloqueado é dada por:

x=x1+x2xmx2+xmx' = x_1 + \frac{x_2 x_m}{x_2 + x_m}

A constante de tempo de circuito aberto do rotor (T0T_0') é:

T0=x2+xmΩbr2T_0' = \frac{x_2 + x_m}{\Omega_b r_2}

E a reatância de circuito aberto é:

x0=x1+xmx_0 = x_1 + x_m

Uma vez que as reatâncias não são afetadas pela posição do rotor, as EADs do motor de indução podem ser expressar diretamente por componentes reais (rr) e imaginárias (mm). Portanto, a descrição completa desse modelo é representada pelo seguinte sistema de equações algébrico-diferenciais:

VrEr=r1IrxImVmEm=r1ImxImdErdt=ΩbsEmEr+(x0x)ImT0dEmdt=ΩbsErEmi(x0x)IrT0V_r - E_r' = r_1 I_r - x' I_m\\ V_m - E_m' = r_1 I_m - x' I_m\\ \frac{dE_r'}{dt} = \Omega_b s E_m' - \frac{E_r' + \left( x_0 - x' \right) I_m}{T_0'}\\ \frac{dE_m'}{dt} = \Omega_b s E_r' - \frac{E_m' i \left( x_0 - x' \right) I_r}{T_0'}

Formulário de edição dos geradores síncronos

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos motores de indução:

Formulário dos motores de indução no PSP-UFU

No formulário pode ser observado o botão "Chaveamento" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção do motor durante o estudo de estabilidade.

Formulário de chaveamento do motores de indução

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.

Potência nominal

Potência nominal do gerador, inserida em MVA, kVA ou VA.

Esse campo é especialmente importante caso a opção "Utilizar a potência nominal como base" esteja marcada.

Potências ativa e reativa

Potências ativa (inserida em W, kW, MW ou p.u.p.u.) e reativa (inserida em var, kvar, Mvar ou p.u.p.u.) do motor.

Atenção!

Caso a opção “Calcular a potência reativa no fluxo de carga” esteja ativada, o campo de potência reativa é desativado para edição.

Calcular a potência reativa no fluxo de carga

Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar os dados fornecidos no formulário de estabilidade para calcular a potência reativa do motor durante o processo iterativo do fluxo de carga.

Cuidado!

Caso essa opção não seja utilizada o motor será considerado uma carga de potência constante no estudo de fluxo de carga.

A não utilização dessa opção poderá gerar erros de regime permamente no estudo de estabilidade.

Utilizar potência nominal como base

Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar a potência nominal do gerador como base para a conversão das unidades, inclusive aqueles no formulário de estabilidade, caso contrário será usada a potência base do sistema.

Referências

  1. SÁNCHEZ, J. C.; OLIVARES, T. I. A.; ORTIZ, G. R.; VEGA, D. R. Induction Motor Static Models for Power Flow and Voltage Stability Studies. In: IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012, San Diego. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345618
  2. IEEE Std 399-1997. IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis (Brown Book). IEEE, New York, ago. 1998. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.1998.88568
  3. MILANO, F. Power System Modelling and Scripting. London: Springer, 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6
  4. ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286
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Motor de Indução

Uma máquina assíncrona da qual apenas um enrolamento é energizado. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Motor de indução trifásico no PSP-UFU

No PSP-UFU, os motores de indução são contemplados nos estudos de fluxo de carga e no estudo de estabilidade.

Informação

Os dados de estabilidade da máquina de indução são utilizados em conjunto com o fluxo de carga, calculando de forma correta a potência reativa das máquinas e consequentemente a tensão no barramento conectado.

Cuidado!

Ao marcar a opção "Calcular a potência reativa no fluxo de carga", devem ser inseridos os dados corretos na aba "Estabilidade", caso contrário, será atribuída uma potência reativa incorreta no motor.

Motor de indução trifásico no cálculo do fluxo de carga

A figura abaixo apresenta o modelo do motor de indução trifásico (MIT) de gaiola simples.

Circuito equivalente do motor de indução

As potências ativa e reativa podem ser calculadas em relação às variáveis e parâmetros do motor em p.u.p.u. como:

P=V2{(r2s)[(r2s)r1x1K1x2xm]+K1[(r2s)(xm+x1)+r1K1]}[(r2s)r1x1K1x2xm]2+[(r2s)(xm+x1)+r1K1]2Q=V2{K1[(r2s)r1x1K1x2xm](r2s)[(r2s)(xm+x1)+r1K1]}[(r2s)r1x1K1x2xm]2+[(r2s)(xm+x1)+r1K1]2 K1=x2+xmP = \frac{V^2 \left\{ \left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]+K_1 \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left(x_m+x_1 \right) + r_1 K_1 \right] \right\} }{\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]^2+\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right)(x_m+x_1 )+r_1 K_1 \right]^2}\\ Q = \frac{-V^2 \left\{ K_1 \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]- \left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left[\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) \left(x_m+x_1 \right) + r_1 K_1 \right] \right\} }{\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right) r_1-x_1 K_1-x_2 x_m \right]^2+\left[\left( \frac{r_2}{s} \right)(x_m+x_1 )+r_1 K_1 \right]^2}\\ ~\\ K_1=x_2+x_m

Como pode ser observado nas equações acima, existem quatro variáveis e somente duas equações. Na prática, as variáveis podem ser reduzidas a três, uma vez que o módulo da tensão (V) é obtido nos resultados do fluxo de potência. Para resolver as equações é necessário definir uma variável adicional. A variável escolhida como fixa no PSP-UFU é a potência ativa (P), por fornecer resultados numericamente corretos e adequados para motores em situações de estabilidade.

Portanto, nesse modelo estático, a potência ativa é mantida constante durante o cálculo do fluxo de carga e o escorregamento (s) é atualizado em cada iteração. A equação da potência ativa pode ser reescrita em relação ao escorregamento:

(r2s)2A+(r2s)B+C=0\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right)^2 A + \left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) B + C = 0

Em que:

A=P(r12+K32)V2r1B=2P(r1K2+K3K4)V2(K2+K1K3)C=P(K22+K42)V2K1K4K2=x1K1x2xmK3=xm+x1K4=r1K1A = P \left( r_1^2 + K_3^2 \right) - V^2 r_1\\ B = 2P(r_1 K_2 + K_3 K_4) - V^2 \left(K_2 + K_1 K_3 \right)\\ C = P \left( K_2^2 + K_4^2 \right) - V^2 K_1 K_4\\ K_2 = -x_1 K_1 -x_2 x_m\\ K_3 = x_m + x_1\\ K_4 = r_1 K_1

Esse modelo pode ser inserido na solução do fluxo de carga seguindo os seguintes passos:

  1. As constantes K1K_1 a K4K_4 são inicialmente calculadas . Esses valores são mantidos constantes durante toda a solução;
  2. Em cada iteração são calculados os coeficientes AA, BB e CC utilizando o valor atualizado de VV;
  3. A equação quadrática é resolvida e dois valores de (r2s)\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right) são obtidos, em que o maior deles é escolhido por estar na região estável da característica toque-escorregamento do motor;
  4. Utilizando o novo valor de (r2s)\left(\frac{r_2}{s} \right), a potência reativa (QQ) é obtida. O vetor de potências é então atualizado e os procedimentos convencionais de solução do fluxo de potência são realizados.

Os passos de 2 a 4 são repetidos até que se obtenha a convergência.

Atenção!

No PSP-UFU, os motores de indução não são considerados no cálculo de curto-circuito.

Motor de indução trifásico no estudo de estabilidade

Uma importante carga dinâmica são os motores de indução, uma vez que correspondem a uma parcela significativa das cargas presentes no sistema elétrico. O modelo da máquina de indução apresentado anteriormente, a qual pode ser utilizada tanto como motor quanto como gerador, é bem estabelecida na literatura.

Como descrito na seção anterior, a inicialização dessa máquina é realizada em conjunto com o fluxo de potência, visto que a potência reativa exigida pela máquina de indução é dependente dos parâmetros do motor, assim como a tensão do seu barramento. Essa abordagem é necessária, pois métodos convencionais conduzem a resultados errôneos em sistemas altamente carregados.

É necessário expressar a equação de movimento da máquina de indução em termos de torque e não potência, como é realizado com as máquinas síncronas. A simetria do rotor também faz com que a posição angular não seja importante e o escorregamento (ss) é utilizado no lugar da velocidade (ω\omega), em que:

s=fracΩ0ωΩ0s = frac{\Omega_0 - \omega}{\Omega_0}

Desprezando as perdas por atrito e ventilação e a potência no eixo suave, as equações mecânicas do motor são expressas da seguinte forma:

Tm=ABs+Cs2Te=Re{E˙I˙}Ωbdsdt=(TmTe)2HT_m = A -Bs + Cs^2\\ T_e = \frac{Re\left\{ \dot{E}\dot{I}^* \right\}}{\Omega_b}\\ \frac{ds}{dt} = \frac{\left( T_m - T_e \right)}{2H}

Em que:

  • TmT_m é o torque mecânico;
  • TeT_e é o torque elétrico;
  • HH é a inércia do conjunto motor - carga mecânica

Os termos AA, BB e CC são termos que definem o comportamento do torque mecânico da carga de acordo com o escorregamento. O torque mecânico normalmente varia com a velocidade, podendo ser expressa proporcionalmente com a seguinte equação quadrática:

Tma+bω+cω2T_m \propto a + b\omega + c\omega^2

Em que:

{Aa+b+cBb+2cCc\begin{cases} A \propto a + b + c \\ B \propto b + 2c \\ C \propto c \end{cases}

As equações elétricas do motor de indução de gaiola simples são baseadas no circuito equivalente da figura anterior. De forma semelhante ao modelo transitório da máquina síncrona, o motor de indução pode ser modelado pelo circuito equivalente de Thevenin de tensão transitória EE' atrás de uma resistência do estator r1r_1 e uma reatância transitória xx'. A reatância transitória aparente de rotor bloqueado é dada por:

x=x1+x2xmx2+xmx' = x_1 + \frac{x_2 x_m}{x_2 + x_m}

A constante de tempo de circuito aberto do rotor (T0T_0') é:

T0=x2+xmΩbr2T_0' = \frac{x_2 + x_m}{\Omega_b r_2}

E a reatância de circuito aberto é:

x0=x1+xmx_0 = x_1 + x_m

Uma vez que as reatâncias não são afetadas pela posição do rotor, as EADs do motor de indução podem ser expressar diretamente por componentes reais (rr) e imaginárias (mm). Portanto, a descrição completa desse modelo é representada pelo seguinte sistema de equações algébrico-diferenciais:

VrEr=r1IrxImVmEm=r1ImxImdErdt=ΩbsEmEr+(x0x)ImT0dEmdt=ΩbsErEmi(x0x)IrT0V_r - E_r' = r_1 I_r - x' I_m\\ V_m - E_m' = r_1 I_m - x' I_m\\ \frac{dE_r'}{dt} = \Omega_b s E_m' - \frac{E_r' + \left( x_0 - x' \right) I_m}{T_0'}\\ \frac{dE_m'}{dt} = \Omega_b s E_r' - \frac{E_m' i \left( x_0 - x' \right) I_r}{T_0'}

Formulário de edição dos geradores síncronos

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos motores de indução:

Formulário dos motores de indução no PSP-UFU

No formulário pode ser observado o botão "Chaveamento" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção do motor durante o estudo de estabilidade.

Formulário de chaveamento do motores de indução

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.

Potência nominal

Potência nominal do gerador, inserida em MVA, kVA ou VA.

Esse campo é especialmente importante caso a opção "Utilizar a potência nominal como base" esteja marcada.

Potências ativa e reativa

Potências ativa (inserida em W, kW, MW ou p.u.p.u.) e reativa (inserida em var, kvar, Mvar ou p.u.p.u.) do motor.

Atenção!

Caso a opção “Calcular a potência reativa no fluxo de carga” esteja ativada, o campo de potência reativa é desativado para edição.

Calcular a potência reativa no fluxo de carga

Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar os dados fornecidos no formulário de estabilidade para calcular a potência reativa do motor durante o processo iterativo do fluxo de carga.

Cuidado!

Caso essa opção não seja utilizada o motor será considerado uma carga de potência constante no estudo de fluxo de carga.

A não utilização dessa opção poderá gerar erros de regime permamente no estudo de estabilidade.

Utilizar potência nominal como base

Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar a potência nominal do gerador como base para a conversão das unidades, inclusive aqueles no formulário de estabilidade, caso contrário será usada a potência base do sistema.

Referências

  1. SÁNCHEZ, J. C.; OLIVARES, T. I. A.; ORTIZ, G. R.; VEGA, D. R. Induction Motor Static Models for Power Flow and Voltage Stability Studies. In: IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012, San Diego. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345618
  2. IEEE Std 399-1997. IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis (Brown Book). IEEE, New York, ago. 1998. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.1998.88568
  3. MILANO, F. Power System Modelling and Scripting. London: Springer, 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13669-6
  4. ARRILLAGA, J.; WATSON, N. R. Computer Modelling of Electrical Power Systems. Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118878286
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PSP-UFU

important

This user guide was written in Brazilian Portuguese. If you want to help me translate this guide, contact-me on GitHub or Twitter.

Sobre o PSP-UFU

O PSP-UFU (Plataforma de Sistemas de Potência da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia) é um software multi-plataforma, multilíngue, livre e de código aberto (FOSS) com recursos avançados de GUI (Graphical User Interface) e ferramentas CAD (Computer Aided Design) para estudos de sistemas elétricos de potência.

O software permite a construção de qualquer rede de transmissão elétrica e sistemas de controle através da inserção de elementos visuais. Para a visualização dos resultados, o programa oferece elementos de texto vinculados na tela principal e também editores de tabelas e gráficos.

O PSP-UFU tem como objetivo fornecer ferramentas eficientes de simulação para fins de pesquisa e educação, além de aplicações industriais em sistemas elétricos de potência.

Resumidamente, o software pode executar os seguintes estudos:

  • Fluxo de potência
  • Cálculo de curto-circuito
  • Harmônicos
  • Estabilidade transitória e dinâmica

Publicações

Os artigos abaixo possuem maiores detalhes a respeito do PSP-UFU:

Oliveira, T. L., Guimarães, G. C., & Silva, L. R. C. (2019). PSP-UFU: An open-source, graphical, and multiplatform software for power system studies. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, e12185. doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.12185

Oliveira, T. L., Guimarães, G. C., Silva, L. R., & Rezende, J. O. (2019). Power system education and research applications using free and open-source, graphical and multiplatform PSP-UFU software. The International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, 0020720919879058. doi: 10.1177/0020720919879058

A Tese de Doutorado abaixo detalha em profundidade os cálculos envolvidos, arquitetura de software e ferramentas implementadas no PSP-UFU:

Oliveira, T. L. (2019). Desenvolvimento de um programa computacional livre, gráfico, e multiplataforma para analisar sistemas elétricos de potência em regime permanente e dinâmico. doi: 10.14393/ufu.te.2019.2444

Contribuindo com o projeto

Se você está interessado em contribuir com o PSP-UFU de alguma forma (desenvolvimento, críticas, sugestões, etc.), entre em contato pelo GitHub ou Twitter.

Desenvolvedores

Thales Lima Oliveira

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PSP-UFU

important

This user guide was written in Brazilian Portuguese. If you want to help me translate this guide, contact-me on GitHub or Twitter.

Sobre o PSP-UFU

O PSP-UFU (Plataforma de Sistemas de Potência da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia) é um software multi-plataforma, multilíngue, livre e de código aberto (FOSS) com recursos avançados de GUI (Graphical User Interface) e ferramentas CAD (Computer Aided Design) para estudos de sistemas elétricos de potência.

O software permite a construção de qualquer rede de transmissão elétrica e sistemas de controle através da inserção de elementos visuais. Para a visualização dos resultados, o programa oferece elementos de texto vinculados na tela principal e também editores de tabelas e gráficos.

O PSP-UFU tem como objetivo fornecer ferramentas eficientes de simulação para fins de pesquisa e educação, além de aplicações industriais em sistemas elétricos de potência.

Resumidamente, o software pode executar os seguintes estudos:

  • Fluxo de potência
  • Cálculo de curto-circuito
  • Harmônicos
  • Estabilidade transitória e dinâmica

Publicações

Os artigos abaixo possuem maiores detalhes a respeito do PSP-UFU:

Oliveira, T. L., Guimarães, G. C., & Silva, L. R. C. (2019). PSP-UFU: An open-source, graphical, and multiplatform software for power system studies. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, e12185. doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.12185

Oliveira, T. L., Guimarães, G. C., Silva, L. R., & Rezende, J. O. (2019). Power system education and research applications using free and open-source, graphical and multiplatform PSP-UFU software. The International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education, 0020720919879058. doi: 10.1177/0020720919879058

A Tese de Doutorado abaixo detalha em profundidade os cálculos envolvidos, arquitetura de software e ferramentas implementadas no PSP-UFU:

Oliveira, T. L. (2019). Desenvolvimento de um programa computacional livre, gráfico, e multiplataforma para analisar sistemas elétricos de potência em regime permanente e dinâmico. doi: 10.14393/ufu.te.2019.2444

Contribuindo com o projeto

Se você está interessado em contribuir com o PSP-UFU de alguma forma (desenvolvimento, críticas, sugestões, etc.), entre em contato pelo GitHub ou Twitter.

Desenvolvedores

Thales Lima Oliveira

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Indutor

Um reator destinado à conexão de derivação em uma rede para compensar a corrente capacitiva. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Indutor no PSP-UFU

O elemento indutor (ou reator) representa, geralmente, reator shunt no circuito do PSP-UFU.

Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro. Esses elementos passivos são somente inseridos na matriz admitância cuja impedância é calculada a partir de sua potência e tensão nominais.

Formulário de edição dos indutores

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos indutores:

Formulário dos indutores no PSP-UFU

Além do único contexto geral, pode ser observado o botão "Estabilidade" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção do indutor durante o estudo de estabilidade.

Formulário de chaveamento do indutor

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.

Potência reativa

Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro, inserida em Mvar, kvar, var ou p.u.p.u. (na base de potência do sistema).

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Indutor

Um reator destinado à conexão de derivação em uma rede para compensar a corrente capacitiva. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Indutor no PSP-UFU

O elemento indutor (ou reator) representa, geralmente, reator shunt no circuito do PSP-UFU.

Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro. Esses elementos passivos são somente inseridos na matriz admitância cuja impedância é calculada a partir de sua potência e tensão nominais.

Formulário de edição dos indutores

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados dos indutores:

Formulário dos indutores no PSP-UFU

Além do único contexto geral, pode ser observado o botão "Estabilidade" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção do indutor durante o estudo de estabilidade.

Formulário de chaveamento do indutor

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.

Potência reativa

Os capacitores e reatores exigem somente sua potência reativa como parâmetro, inserida em Mvar, kvar, var ou p.u.p.u. (na base de potência do sistema).

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Instalação

Download

O download do PSP-UFU pode ser realizado pelo "last release" do repositório do PSP-UFU no GitHub.

Ao acessar ao link, role a página até encontrar os Assets:

Assets download

Como o PSP-UFU é um software multiplataforma, você deve baixar o arquivo correto:

  • Para o sistema operacional Windows baixe os arquivos .exe (recomendado) ou .zip.
  • Para os sistemas Linux baseados no Debian (por exemplo, Ubuntu, Mint) 64 bits baixe o pacote de instalação .deb.
Dica

Se você está interessado em contribuir com o PSP-UFU construindo-o para outros sistemas operacionais (principalmente macOS!) entre em contato pelo GitHub ou Twitter.

Na sequência são apresentados o passo-a-passo para instalação dos SOs Windows e Linux. Também são apresentadas as soluções para os erros mais recorrentes.

Windows

Após baixar o arquivo .exe avance em cada passo do instalador. O executável irá solicitar automaticamente a instalação do Microsoft Visual C++ Redistribuível e, caso não esteja instalado no seu computador, realize os procedimentos do programa.

Caso o executável falhe em abrir, baixe o arquivo .zip e descompacte em alguma pasta do seu sistema. Nesse caso é necessário baixar e instalar manualmente o Microsoft Visual C++ Redistribuível 32 bits.

Após a conclusão da instalação abra o PSP-UFU para verificar a correta instalação. O executável está presente na pasta "<local de instalação>/PSP-UFU/bin/PSP-UFU.exe".

Problemas recorrentes no Windows

  • Ao baixar o navegador pode falsamente sinalizar que é um arquivo perigoso, basta clicar em "Manter arquivo";
  • Ao abrir o instalador, novamente o Windows sinaliza que o arquivo é perigoso, basta clicar em "Executar assim mesmo";
  • Ao abrir o programa e alterar o seu idioma, uma mensagem de erro é exibida. Para resolver esse problema basta executar o PSP-UFU como administrador (clicar com botão direito no atalho do programa e posteriormente em executar como administrador). Altere novamente o idioma e reinicie o programa;
  • Ao criar um novo projeto a tela de trabalho não é exibida ou é exibida uma tela preta. Vá nas opções gerais e altere o renderizador para "Device Context". Caso apareça uma mensagem de erro, execute o programa como administrador e repita o processo. Reinicie o programa.

Linux

A instalação no sistema Linux é facilmente realizado pelo pacote de instalação automático .deb.

Atenção!

Note que essa versão para Linux está defasada e algumas funcionalidades do programa podem não estar presentes.

Caso queira contribuir com o projeto e construir a versão atual no sistema Linux baseado em Debian ou em outras distribuições entre em contato pelo GitHub ou Twitter.

Problemas recorrentes no Linux

Pode ser necessário adicionar o diretório das bibliotecas do wxWidgets nas variáveis de ambiente. +

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Instalação

Download

O download do PSP-UFU pode ser realizado pelo "last release" do repositório do PSP-UFU no GitHub.

Ao acessar ao link, role a página até encontrar os Assets:

Assets download

Como o PSP-UFU é um software multiplataforma, você deve baixar o arquivo correto:

  • Para o sistema operacional Windows baixe os arquivos .exe (recomendado) ou .zip.
  • Para os sistemas Linux baseados no Debian (por exemplo, Ubuntu, Mint) 64 bits baixe o pacote de instalação .deb.
Dica

Se você está interessado em contribuir com o PSP-UFU construindo-o para outros sistemas operacionais (principalmente macOS!) entre em contato pelo GitHub ou Twitter.

Na sequência são apresentados o passo-a-passo para instalação dos SOs Windows e Linux. Também são apresentadas as soluções para os erros mais recorrentes.

Windows

Após baixar o arquivo .exe avance em cada passo do instalador. O executável irá solicitar automaticamente a instalação do Microsoft Visual C++ Redistribuível e, caso não esteja instalado no seu computador, realize os procedimentos do programa.

Caso o executável falhe em abrir, baixe o arquivo .zip e descompacte em alguma pasta do seu sistema. Nesse caso é necessário baixar e instalar manualmente o Microsoft Visual C++ Redistribuível 32 bits.

Após a conclusão da instalação abra o PSP-UFU para verificar a correta instalação. O executável está presente na pasta "<local de instalação>/PSP-UFU/bin/PSP-UFU.exe".

Problemas recorrentes no Windows

  • Ao baixar o navegador pode falsamente sinalizar que é um arquivo perigoso, basta clicar em "Manter arquivo";
  • Ao abrir o instalador, novamente o Windows sinaliza que o arquivo é perigoso, basta clicar em "Executar assim mesmo";
  • Ao abrir o programa e alterar o seu idioma, uma mensagem de erro é exibida. Para resolver esse problema basta executar o PSP-UFU como administrador (clicar com botão direito no atalho do programa e posteriormente em executar como administrador). Altere novamente o idioma e reinicie o programa;
  • Ao criar um novo projeto a tela de trabalho não é exibida ou é exibida uma tela preta. Vá nas opções gerais e altere o renderizador para "Device Context". Caso apareça uma mensagem de erro, execute o programa como administrador e repita o processo. Reinicie o programa.

Linux

A instalação no sistema Linux é facilmente realizado pelo pacote de instalação automático .deb.

Atenção!

Note que essa versão para Linux está defasada e algumas funcionalidades do programa podem não estar presentes.

Caso queira contribuir com o projeto e construir a versão atual no sistema Linux baseado em Debian ou em outras distribuições entre em contato pelo GitHub ou Twitter.

Problemas recorrentes no Linux

Pode ser necessário adicionar o diretório das bibliotecas do wxWidgets nas variáveis de ambiente. Para isso, siga UM dos métodos apresentados abaixo:

Método I (recomendado)

Insira o seguinte comando no arquivo ~/.bashrc:

echo "export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib" >> ~/.bashrc

Método II (não recomendado)

Cuidado!

Utilizando esse método os passos abaixo devem ser executados todas as vezes que você quiser abrir o PSP-UFU.

  1. Abra o terminal e acesse o diretório onde está instalado o PSP-UFU:
cd /usr/local/bin
  1. Insira as bibliotecas compartilhadas do wxWidgets nas variáveis de ambiente:
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/lib
  1. Então, execute o PSP-UFU na mesma seção do terminal:
./PSP-UFU
Atenção!

Verifique se o computador possui as unidades de vídeo instaladas corretamente, caso contrário, o programa não exibirá a área de trabalho para criar e editar diagramas de linha única ou diagramas de blocos de controle.

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Entrada / Saída

As entradas e saída são variáveis relacionadas às máquinas síncronas. Cada tipo de entrada e saída está relacionada a um regulador da máquina: Regulador de Tensão (AVR, do inglês Automatic Voltage Regulator) e Regulador de Velocidade (RV).

Cuidado!

O sistema de controle deve ter ao menos uma entrada e uma saída.

As entradas e saídas do sistema de controle são definidas por esses blocos, os quais são distintos para cada tipo de escopo. A figura abaixo apresenta um exemplo de um formulário de edição das entradas e saídas de um AVR:

Formulário de edição de entradas e saídas de sistemas de controle de um AVR

Variáveis de entrada e saída

O usuário deve sinalizar o tipo de bloco entre entrada e saída e, então, selecionar em uma lista a variável desejada. As seguintes variáveis de controle estão atualmente disponíveis no programa:

  • Tensão terminal (entrada: AVR): Módulo da tensão no barramento da máquina síncrona, em p.u.p.u., variável no tempo. Essa variável é normalmente utilizada no cálculo do erro da tensão de referência do AVR;

  • Velocidade (entrada: AVR e RV): Velocidade da máquina síncrona, em rad/s, variável no tempo. Normalmente utilizada no cálculo do erro de velocidade nos reguladores de velocidade, além de entrada do PSS em AVRs;

  • Potência ativa e reativa (entrada: AVR): Potência ativa fornecida pela máquina síncrona, em p.u.p.u., variável no tempo. Normalmente utilizada como entrada do PSS (potência ativa) e controle de sub e sobrecorrente de excitação nos AVRs;

  • Tensão terminal inicial (entrada: AVR): Módulo da tensão no barramento da máquina síncrona prévia ao estudo dinâmico originado do fluxo de carga, em p.u.p.u., fixo no tempo. Essa variável está normalmente associada à referência de tensão do AVR;

  • Velocidade inicial (entrada: AVR e RV): Velocidade do sistema (2πfref2 \pi f_{ref}), definida nas opções de simulação, em rad/s, fixa no tempo. Normalmente utiliza-se essa variável como referência de velocidade em RVs e normalização da velocidade;

  • Potência mecânica inicial (entrada: RV): Potência mecânica inicial, calculada após a inicialização das máquinas síncronas com os dados originados do fluxo de carga, em p.u.p.u., fixa no tempo. Normalmente é utilizada como referência de potência mecânica nos reguladores de velocidade;

  • Variação de velocidade e potência ativa (entrada: AVR): Cálculo da variação dessas entradas entre os passos de integração normalizada pelo passo de integração, conforme a equação:

    Δx=xnxn1h\Delta x = \frac{x_n-x_{n-1}}{h}

    Em que:

    • Δx\Delta x é a variação da entrada (velocidade ou potência ativa);
    • xnx_n e xn1x_{n-1} é a variável no passo atual e anterior, respectivamente;
    • hh é o passo de integração.
    Informação

    A normalização é necessária para a correta utilização da razão de passo de controle, definida nas configurações de simulação.

  • Tensão de campo (saída: AVR): Define a tensão aplicada ao campo na máquina síncrona, em p.u.p.u. Utilizada como saída dos AVRs, controlando principalmente tensão no barramento conectado e/ou fator de potência da máquina;

  • Potência mecânica (saída: RV): Define qual a potência mecânica aplicada no eixo da máquina síncrona. Utilizada como saída dos reguladores de velocidade, controlando principalmente a potência ativa injetada pela máquina e sua frequência.

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Entrada / Saída

As entradas e saída são variáveis relacionadas às máquinas síncronas. Cada tipo de entrada e saída está relacionada a um regulador da máquina: Regulador de Tensão (AVR, do inglês Automatic Voltage Regulator) e Regulador de Velocidade (RV).

Cuidado!

O sistema de controle deve ter ao menos uma entrada e uma saída.

As entradas e saídas do sistema de controle são definidas por esses blocos, os quais são distintos para cada tipo de escopo. A figura abaixo apresenta um exemplo de um formulário de edição das entradas e saídas de um AVR:

Formulário de edição de entradas e saídas de sistemas de controle de um AVR

Variáveis de entrada e saída

O usuário deve sinalizar o tipo de bloco entre entrada e saída e, então, selecionar em uma lista a variável desejada. As seguintes variáveis de controle estão atualmente disponíveis no programa:

  • Tensão terminal (entrada: AVR): Módulo da tensão no barramento da máquina síncrona, em p.u.p.u., variável no tempo. Essa variável é normalmente utilizada no cálculo do erro da tensão de referência do AVR;

  • Velocidade (entrada: AVR e RV): Velocidade da máquina síncrona, em rad/s, variável no tempo. Normalmente utilizada no cálculo do erro de velocidade nos reguladores de velocidade, além de entrada do PSS em AVRs;

  • Potência ativa e reativa (entrada: AVR): Potência ativa fornecida pela máquina síncrona, em p.u.p.u., variável no tempo. Normalmente utilizada como entrada do PSS (potência ativa) e controle de sub e sobrecorrente de excitação nos AVRs;

  • Tensão terminal inicial (entrada: AVR): Módulo da tensão no barramento da máquina síncrona prévia ao estudo dinâmico originado do fluxo de carga, em p.u.p.u., fixo no tempo. Essa variável está normalmente associada à referência de tensão do AVR;

  • Velocidade inicial (entrada: AVR e RV): Velocidade do sistema (2πfref2 \pi f_{ref}), definida nas opções de simulação, em rad/s, fixa no tempo. Normalmente utiliza-se essa variável como referência de velocidade em RVs e normalização da velocidade;

  • Potência mecânica inicial (entrada: RV): Potência mecânica inicial, calculada após a inicialização das máquinas síncronas com os dados originados do fluxo de carga, em p.u.p.u., fixa no tempo. Normalmente é utilizada como referência de potência mecânica nos reguladores de velocidade;

  • Variação de velocidade e potência ativa (entrada: AVR): Cálculo da variação dessas entradas entre os passos de integração normalizada pelo passo de integração, conforme a equação:

    Δx=xnxn1h\Delta x = \frac{x_n-x_{n-1}}{h}

    Em que:

    • Δx\Delta x é a variação da entrada (velocidade ou potência ativa);
    • xnx_n e xn1x_{n-1} é a variável no passo atual e anterior, respectivamente;
    • hh é o passo de integração.
    Informação

    A normalização é necessária para a correta utilização da razão de passo de controle, definida nas configurações de simulação.

  • Tensão de campo (saída: AVR): Define a tensão aplicada ao campo na máquina síncrona, em p.u.p.u. Utilizada como saída dos AVRs, controlando principalmente tensão no barramento conectado e/ou fator de potência da máquina;

  • Potência mecânica (saída: RV): Define qual a potência mecânica aplicada no eixo da máquina síncrona. Utilizada como saída dos reguladores de velocidade, controlando principalmente a potência ativa injetada pela máquina e sua frequência.

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Limitador absoluto

Os blocos de limite absoluto cumprem a função de restringir os valores de entrada de acordo com os limites máximos e mínimos inseridos pelo usuário. Caso a entrada ultrapasse algum dos limites impostos, a saída será igual a esse valor limite até que a entrada retorne para a faixa permitida.

As restrições máximas e mínimas de valores dos sistemas de controle são modeladas utilizando um Limitador, cuja implementação é bastante simples e segue a seguinte expressão:

yn={Lsup,se un>Lsupun,se LinfunLsupLinf,se un<Linfy_n = \begin{cases} L_{sup}{,} & \text{se } u_n > L_{sup} \\ u_n{,} & \text{se } L_{inf} \le u_n \le L_{sup}\\ L_{inf}{,} & \text{se } u_n < L_{inf} \end{cases}

Em que:

  • yny_n Éé o valor de saída atual do bloco
  • LsupL_{sup} e LinfL_{inf} são os limites superior e inferior, respectivamente
  • unu_n é o valor de entrada atual do bloco

Formulário de edição do bloco Limitador

A figura abaixo apresenta o formulário de edição de dados do bloco limitador.

Formulário de edição de dados do bloco limitador no PSP-UFU

Esse bloco não linear é definido pelo limite superior e inferior, inseridos pelo usuário.

Informação

Tais blocos são bastante encontrados nos sistemas de controle para limitar a atuação do controlador, além de representar limites físicos de modelos implementados, como, por exemplo, valores máximos de corrente de excitação ou potência mecânica fornecida pelas turbinas.

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Limitador absoluto

Os blocos de limite absoluto cumprem a função de restringir os valores de entrada de acordo com os limites máximos e mínimos inseridos pelo usuário. Caso a entrada ultrapasse algum dos limites impostos, a saída será igual a esse valor limite até que a entrada retorne para a faixa permitida.

As restrições máximas e mínimas de valores dos sistemas de controle são modeladas utilizando um Limitador, cuja implementação é bastante simples e segue a seguinte expressão:

yn={Lsup,se un>Lsupun,se LinfunLsupLinf,se un<Linfy_n = \begin{cases} L_{sup}{,} & \text{se } u_n > L_{sup} \\ u_n{,} & \text{se } L_{inf} \le u_n \le L_{sup}\\ L_{inf}{,} & \text{se } u_n < L_{inf} \end{cases}

Em que:

  • yny_n Éé o valor de saída atual do bloco
  • LsupL_{sup} e LinfL_{inf} são os limites superior e inferior, respectivamente
  • unu_n é o valor de entrada atual do bloco

Formulário de edição do bloco Limitador

A figura abaixo apresenta o formulário de edição de dados do bloco limitador.

Formulário de edição de dados do bloco limitador no PSP-UFU

Esse bloco não linear é definido pelo limite superior e inferior, inseridos pelo usuário.

Informação

Tais blocos são bastante encontrados nos sistemas de controle para limitar a atuação do controlador, além de representar limites físicos de modelos implementados, como, por exemplo, valores máximos de corrente de excitação ou potência mecânica fornecida pelas turbinas.

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Linha

Um meio de transmissão fabricado usado para transmitir energia eletromagnética entre dois pontos com um mínimo de radiação. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Linha no PSP-UFU

As linhas no PSP-UFU são modelos π\pi equilibradas. Podem ser utilizadas como linhas de transmissão e distribuição de sistemas elétricos de potência.

A figura abaixo mostra o modelo π\pi implementado no PSP-UFU:

Modelo PI da linha

Em que:

  • rL\bold{r_L} é a resistência da linha;
  • xL\bold{x_L} é a reatância indutiva da linha;
  • bLd\bold{b_{L}^{d}} é a susceptância capacitiva shunt da linha.
Atenção

O modelo utilizado no PSP-UFU é equilibrado e não possui impedâncias mútuas entre as fases.

A linha pode ser inseridas com pontos de ancoragem, ou "nós", para maior personalização gráfica do elemento, como apresentado nas Ferramentas CAD.

Cuidado!

A linha deve ser inserida entre duas barras de mesma tensão nominal. Caso você tente inseri-la entre barras de tensão diferentes, uma mensagem de erro será exibida.

Dica

Um arranjo série de uma linha sem as susceptâncias shunt, um barramento e um capacitor pode ser utilizado para fabricar um filtro passivo nos estudos harmônicos. Em versões futuras, um elemento de filtro passivo será implementado no PSP-UFU.

Formulário de edição das linhas

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados das linhas de transmissão:

Formulário das linhas no PSP-UFU

Esse formulário é subdividido em dois contextos distintos:

  • Geral: no qual são inseridas informações gerais da linha e informações do fluxo de carga;
  • Falta: local onde as impedâncias de sequência zero são inseridas.
Informação

Os parâmetros necessários para construção da linha segundo seu modelo π\pi são inseridos na aba Geral, utilizados para construção da matriz admitância de sequência positiva e negativa.

Dados adicionais de impedâncias de sequência zero necessário para o cálculo de curtos-circuitos desbalanceados são editados na aba Falta, utilizados na construção da matriz admitância de sequência zero.

Além desses dois contextos, pode ser observado o botão "Estabilidade" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção da linha durante o estudo de estabilidade.

Formulário de chaveamento da linha

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.

Tensão nominal

Campo de informação não editável que apresenta a tensão nominal da linha. Para alterar esse campo é necessário editar o campo correspondente do barramento conectado.

Potência nominal

Potência nominal da linha, inserida em MVA, kVA ou VA.

Esse campo é especialmente importante caso a opção "Utilizar a potência nominal como base" esteja marcada.

Parâmetros do modelo π\pi

Resistência (rLr_L), Reatância indutiva (xLx_L) série e Susceptância capacitiva shunt total (2bLd2b_{L}^{d}) presentes no modelo π\pi da linha.

Esses parâmetros são inseridos em p.u.p.u., Ω\Omega ou Ω/km\Omega/km (SS ou S/kmS/km para bLdb_{L}^{d}).

Comprimento da linha

Utilizado para calcular o valor dos parâmetros da linha inseridos em Ω/km\Omega/km (ou S/kmS/km).

Informação

O comprimento da linha é ignorado caso não sejam utilizadas as unidades por quilometro.

Utilizar potência nominal como base

Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar a potência nominal da linha como base para a conversão das unidades, caso contrário será usada a potência base do sistema.

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Linha

Um meio de transmissão fabricado usado para transmitir energia eletromagnética entre dois pontos com um mínimo de radiação. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Linha no PSP-UFU

As linhas no PSP-UFU são modelos π\pi equilibradas. Podem ser utilizadas como linhas de transmissão e distribuição de sistemas elétricos de potência.

A figura abaixo mostra o modelo π\pi implementado no PSP-UFU:

Modelo PI da linha

Em que:

  • rL\bold{r_L} é a resistência da linha;
  • xL\bold{x_L} é a reatância indutiva da linha;
  • bLd\bold{b_{L}^{d}} é a susceptância capacitiva shunt da linha.
Atenção

O modelo utilizado no PSP-UFU é equilibrado e não possui impedâncias mútuas entre as fases.

A linha pode ser inseridas com pontos de ancoragem, ou "nós", para maior personalização gráfica do elemento, como apresentado nas Ferramentas CAD.

Cuidado!

A linha deve ser inserida entre duas barras de mesma tensão nominal. Caso você tente inseri-la entre barras de tensão diferentes, uma mensagem de erro será exibida.

Dica

Um arranjo série de uma linha sem as susceptâncias shunt, um barramento e um capacitor pode ser utilizado para fabricar um filtro passivo nos estudos harmônicos. Em versões futuras, um elemento de filtro passivo será implementado no PSP-UFU.

Formulário de edição das linhas

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados das linhas de transmissão:

Formulário das linhas no PSP-UFU

Esse formulário é subdividido em dois contextos distintos:

  • Geral: no qual são inseridas informações gerais da linha e informações do fluxo de carga;
  • Falta: local onde as impedâncias de sequência zero são inseridas.
Informação

Os parâmetros necessários para construção da linha segundo seu modelo π\pi são inseridos na aba Geral, utilizados para construção da matriz admitância de sequência positiva e negativa.

Dados adicionais de impedâncias de sequência zero necessário para o cálculo de curtos-circuitos desbalanceados são editados na aba Falta, utilizados na construção da matriz admitância de sequência zero.

Além desses dois contextos, pode ser observado o botão "Estabilidade" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção da linha durante o estudo de estabilidade.

Formulário de chaveamento da linha

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.

Tensão nominal

Campo de informação não editável que apresenta a tensão nominal da linha. Para alterar esse campo é necessário editar o campo correspondente do barramento conectado.

Potência nominal

Potência nominal da linha, inserida em MVA, kVA ou VA.

Esse campo é especialmente importante caso a opção "Utilizar a potência nominal como base" esteja marcada.

Parâmetros do modelo π\pi

Resistência (rLr_L), Reatância indutiva (xLx_L) série e Susceptância capacitiva shunt total (2bLd2b_{L}^{d}) presentes no modelo π\pi da linha.

Esses parâmetros são inseridos em p.u.p.u., Ω\Omega ou Ω/km\Omega/km (SS ou S/kmS/km para bLdb_{L}^{d}).

Comprimento da linha

Utilizado para calcular o valor dos parâmetros da linha inseridos em Ω/km\Omega/km (ou S/kmS/km).

Informação

O comprimento da linha é ignorado caso não sejam utilizadas as unidades por quilometro.

Utilizar potência nominal como base

Caso essa opção seja marcada, o programa irá utilizar a potência nominal da linha como base para a conversão das unidades, caso contrário será usada a potência base do sistema.

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Carga

  1. a potência ativa, reativa ou aparente gerada, transmitida ou distribuída dentro de um sistema;
  2. a potência demandada por um grupo de consumidores classificados de acordo com suas particularidades e características, por exemplo, carga de aquecimento, carga reativa diurna, etc. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Carga no PSP-UFU

As cargas são os elementos de potência consumidores de potência genéricos. Nos estudos de fluxo de carga é possível modelar a carga como potência ou impedância constante e em estabilidade pode-se compor a carga na proporção desejada em três tipos (carga ZIP): potência constante, impedância constante e corrente constante.

As cargas de potência constante nos estudos de fluxo de carga são inseridos no vetor de potências e permanecem fixos durante toda a simulação.

Os elementos shunt, como reatores, banco de capacitores e cargas de impedância constante, são representados simplesmente por suas admitâncias em derivação. Como os parâmetros de entrada geralmente se constituem de suas potências ativa (P) e reativa (Q) nominais (no caso de reatores e capacitores, P=0), deve-se, portanto, encontrar sua admitância com a equação abaixo para inseri-la na matriz admitância:

y=PjQV˙2\overline{y} = \frac{P-jQ}{\dot{V}^2}
Atenção!

Para os estudos de curto-circuito e harmônicos as cargas são modeladas como impedância constante, independentemente da sinalização indicada em seu formulário de edição de dados.

Carga no estudo de estabilidade

A modelagem das cargas do sistema de forma exata se torna impraticável em um problemas de estabilidade, visto à grande quantidade e variedade dos componentes envolvidos, além de apresentar modificações em suas composições causado por vários fatores, como tempo, condições climáticas e economia. Portanto várias aproximações devem ser utilizadas na formulação de um modelo de carga nos estudos aqui postos.

Uma forma interessante de se representar cargas dependentes da tensão são as cargas ZIP, as quais são funções quadráticas, possuindo três parcelas: impedância constante (Z), corrente constante (I) e potência constante (P). As potências ativa e reativa são obtidas pelas seguintes equações:

PL=PZ0(ViVi0)2+PI0(ViVi0)+PP0P_L=P_{Z0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_{i0}} \right)^2+P_{I0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_i0} \right)+P_{P0}
QL=QZ0(ViVi0)2+QI0(ViVi0)+QP0Q_L=Q_{Z0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_{i0}} \right)^2+Q_{I0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_i0} \right)+Q_{P0}

Em que:

PLP_L e QLQ_L são as potências ativa e reativa da carga ZIP, respectivamente, conectadas em uma barra genérica i;

ViV_i é a tensão atual de uma barra genérica i;

Vi0V_{i0} é a tensão inicial de uma barra genérica i, obtida do estudo de fluxo de carga;

PZ0P_{Z0} e QZ0Q_{Z0} são as parcelas de impedância constante para potências ativa e reativa, respectivamente;

PI0P_{I0} e QI0Q_{I0} são as parcelas de corrente constante para potências ativa e reativa, respectivamente;

PP0P_{P0} e QP0Q_{P0} são as parcelas de potência constante para potências ativa e reativa, respectivamente.

Os valores das parcelas de potência da carga ZIP são obtidos utilizando as potências da carga após a convergência do cálculo do fluxo de carga (PL0P_{L0}, para a potência ativa e QL0Q_{L0}, para a potência reativa), utilizando as seguintes expressões:

{PZ0=kPZ100PL0Vi02PI0=kPI100PL0Vi0PP0=kPP100PL0\begin{cases} P_{Z0}=\displaystyle \frac{k_{PZ}}{100} \frac{P_{L0}}{V_{i0}^2}\\ P_{I0}=\displaystyle \frac{k_{PI}}{100} \frac{P_{L0}}{V_{i0}}\\ P_{P0}=\displaystyle \frac{k_{PP}}{100} P_{L0} \end{cases}

Os valores de kPZk_{PZ}, kPIk_{PI} e kPPk_{PP} representam a composição em impedância, corrente e potência constantes, respectivamente, da parcela ativa da carga, os quais são inseridos pelo usuário na forma de porcentagem, sendo a soma desses três valores necessariamente igual a 100%. Os parâmetros kQZk_{QZ}, kQIk_{QI} e kQPk_{QP} podem ser interpretados de forma análoga, porém compõe a parcela reativa da carga.

O comportamento das potências, retiradas de simulações no PSP-UFU, de cada parcela que compõe a carga ZIP são evidenciadas na figura abaixo.

Comportamento da carga ZIP implementada no software: (a) curva de Tensão x Potência; (b) Curva de Tensão x Corrente

Cargas de corrente e potência constantes possuem problemas em tensões muito baixas. À medida que a tensão diminui as correntes dessas cargas não reduz, como pode ser observado na figura acima, resultando em perda de precisão e problemas na convergência de processos iterativos. Para contornar esse problema utiliza-se uma tensão pré-definida pelo usuário (VlowV_{low}), a qual as cargas (ou parcelas) de corrente e potência constantes são modeladas como impedância constante, resultando no comportamento de potência e corrente apresentados na figura acima.

Formulário de edição das cargas

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados das cargas:

Formulário das cargas no PSP-UFU

Esse formulário é subdividido em dois contextos distintos:

  • Geral: no qual são inseridas informações gerais das cargas, informações e o tipo de carga no fluxo de carga;
  • Estabilidade: contendo opções de visualização de dados da carga em gráficos no tempo e opções de parametrização da carga ZIP.

Além desses dois contextos, pode ser observado o botão "Chaveamento" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção da carga durante o estudo de estabilidade.

Formulário de chaveamento da carga

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.

Potência ativa

Parcela de potência ativa da carga. Pode ser inserido em MW, kW W ou p.u.p.u. (na base do sistema).

Potência reativa

Parcela de potência reativa da carga. Pode ser inserido em Mvar, kvar var ou p.u.p.u. (na base do sistema).

Tipo de carga (fluxo de carga)

Tipo da carga para o estudo de fluxo de carga, podendo ser selecionado dois tipos: Potência constante e Impedância constante. As cargas de potência constantes são inseridas nos vetores de potência e permanecem invariantes no cálculo, enquanto que para as cargas de impedância constante determina-se o valor da impedância utilizando a potência e tensão nominal, a qual é inserida na matriz admitância.

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Carga

  1. a potência ativa, reativa ou aparente gerada, transmitida ou distribuída dentro de um sistema;
  2. a potência demandada por um grupo de consumidores classificados de acordo com suas particularidades e características, por exemplo, carga de aquecimento, carga reativa diurna, etc. tradução livre - IEC 60050.

Carga no PSP-UFU

As cargas são os elementos de potência consumidores de potência genéricos. Nos estudos de fluxo de carga é possível modelar a carga como potência ou impedância constante e em estabilidade pode-se compor a carga na proporção desejada em três tipos (carga ZIP): potência constante, impedância constante e corrente constante.

As cargas de potência constante nos estudos de fluxo de carga são inseridos no vetor de potências e permanecem fixos durante toda a simulação.

Os elementos shunt, como reatores, banco de capacitores e cargas de impedância constante, são representados simplesmente por suas admitâncias em derivação. Como os parâmetros de entrada geralmente se constituem de suas potências ativa (P) e reativa (Q) nominais (no caso de reatores e capacitores, P=0), deve-se, portanto, encontrar sua admitância com a equação abaixo para inseri-la na matriz admitância:

y=PjQV˙2\overline{y} = \frac{P-jQ}{\dot{V}^2}
Atenção!

Para os estudos de curto-circuito e harmônicos as cargas são modeladas como impedância constante, independentemente da sinalização indicada em seu formulário de edição de dados.

Carga no estudo de estabilidade

A modelagem das cargas do sistema de forma exata se torna impraticável em um problemas de estabilidade, visto à grande quantidade e variedade dos componentes envolvidos, além de apresentar modificações em suas composições causado por vários fatores, como tempo, condições climáticas e economia. Portanto várias aproximações devem ser utilizadas na formulação de um modelo de carga nos estudos aqui postos.

Uma forma interessante de se representar cargas dependentes da tensão são as cargas ZIP, as quais são funções quadráticas, possuindo três parcelas: impedância constante (Z), corrente constante (I) e potência constante (P). As potências ativa e reativa são obtidas pelas seguintes equações:

PL=PZ0(ViVi0)2+PI0(ViVi0)+PP0P_L=P_{Z0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_{i0}} \right)^2+P_{I0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_i0} \right)+P_{P0}
QL=QZ0(ViVi0)2+QI0(ViVi0)+QP0Q_L=Q_{Z0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_{i0}} \right)^2+Q_{I0} \left(\frac{V_i}{V_i0} \right)+Q_{P0}

Em que:

PLP_L e QLQ_L são as potências ativa e reativa da carga ZIP, respectivamente, conectadas em uma barra genérica i;

ViV_i é a tensão atual de uma barra genérica i;

Vi0V_{i0} é a tensão inicial de uma barra genérica i, obtida do estudo de fluxo de carga;

PZ0P_{Z0} e QZ0Q_{Z0} são as parcelas de impedância constante para potências ativa e reativa, respectivamente;

PI0P_{I0} e QI0Q_{I0} são as parcelas de corrente constante para potências ativa e reativa, respectivamente;

PP0P_{P0} e QP0Q_{P0} são as parcelas de potência constante para potências ativa e reativa, respectivamente.

Os valores das parcelas de potência da carga ZIP são obtidos utilizando as potências da carga após a convergência do cálculo do fluxo de carga (PL0P_{L0}, para a potência ativa e QL0Q_{L0}, para a potência reativa), utilizando as seguintes expressões:

{PZ0=kPZ100PL0Vi02PI0=kPI100PL0Vi0PP0=kPP100PL0\begin{cases} P_{Z0}=\displaystyle \frac{k_{PZ}}{100} \frac{P_{L0}}{V_{i0}^2}\\ P_{I0}=\displaystyle \frac{k_{PI}}{100} \frac{P_{L0}}{V_{i0}}\\ P_{P0}=\displaystyle \frac{k_{PP}}{100} P_{L0} \end{cases}

Os valores de kPZk_{PZ}, kPIk_{PI} e kPPk_{PP} representam a composição em impedância, corrente e potência constantes, respectivamente, da parcela ativa da carga, os quais são inseridos pelo usuário na forma de porcentagem, sendo a soma desses três valores necessariamente igual a 100%. Os parâmetros kQZk_{QZ}, kQIk_{QI} e kQPk_{QP} podem ser interpretados de forma análoga, porém compõe a parcela reativa da carga.

O comportamento das potências, retiradas de simulações no PSP-UFU, de cada parcela que compõe a carga ZIP são evidenciadas na figura abaixo.

Comportamento da carga ZIP implementada no software: (a) curva de Tensão x Potência; (b) Curva de Tensão x Corrente

Cargas de corrente e potência constantes possuem problemas em tensões muito baixas. À medida que a tensão diminui as correntes dessas cargas não reduz, como pode ser observado na figura acima, resultando em perda de precisão e problemas na convergência de processos iterativos. Para contornar esse problema utiliza-se uma tensão pré-definida pelo usuário (VlowV_{low}), a qual as cargas (ou parcelas) de corrente e potência constantes são modeladas como impedância constante, resultando no comportamento de potência e corrente apresentados na figura acima.

Formulário de edição das cargas

A imagem abaixo apresenta o formulário de inserção/alteração de dados das cargas:

Formulário das cargas no PSP-UFU

Esse formulário é subdividido em dois contextos distintos:

  • Geral: no qual são inseridas informações gerais das cargas, informações e o tipo de carga no fluxo de carga;
  • Estabilidade: contendo opções de visualização de dados da carga em gráficos no tempo e opções de parametrização da carga ZIP.

Além desses dois contextos, pode ser observado o botão "Chaveamento" na parte inferior esquerda do formulário. Esse formulário, comum a vários outros elementos, permite a inserção e/ou remoção da carga durante o estudo de estabilidade.

Formulário de chaveamento da carga

Nome

Identificação do elemento elétrico. Podem ser inseridos quaisquer números de caracteres no padrão Unicode.

Todos os componentes de potência do PSP-UFU possuem esse campo.

Potência ativa

Parcela de potência ativa da carga. Pode ser inserido em MW, kW W ou p.u.p.u. (na base do sistema).

Potência reativa

Parcela de potência reativa da carga. Pode ser inserido em Mvar, kvar var ou p.u.p.u. (na base do sistema).

Tipo de carga (fluxo de carga)

Tipo da carga para o estudo de fluxo de carga, podendo ser selecionado dois tipos: Potência constante e Impedância constante. As cargas de potência constantes são inseridas nos vetores de potência e permanecem invariantes no cálculo, enquanto que para as cargas de impedância constante determina-se o valor da impedância utilizando a potência e tensão nominal, a qual é inserida na matriz admitância.

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Tela Principal

Organização da tela principal

A tela principal do PSP-UFU é dividida em três seções: Menu "Ribbon", Área de Trabalho e Barra de Status.

Tela principal

Resumidamente, no Menu Ribbon são acessadas as ferramentas do PSP-UFU; na Área de Trabalho são criados os diagramas unifilares de potência; e na Barra de Status são exibidas importantes informações acerca do estado da Área de Trabalho.

Menu Ribbon

Em informática o ribbon (faixa, em inglês) é um formato de apresentação de interface baseada na GUI onde a barra de ferramentas é mostrada através de uma barra mais larga com icones maiores possibilitando o uso dos aplicativos por dispositivos touch screen. +

+

Tela Principal

Organização da tela principal

A tela principal do PSP-UFU é dividida em três seções: Menu "Ribbon", Área de Trabalho e Barra de Status.

Tela principal

Resumidamente, no Menu Ribbon são acessadas as ferramentas do PSP-UFU; na Área de Trabalho são criados os diagramas unifilares de potência; e na Barra de Status são exibidas importantes informações acerca do estado da Área de Trabalho.

Menu Ribbon

Em informática o ribbon (faixa, em inglês) é um formato de apresentação de interface baseada na GUI onde a barra de ferramentas é mostrada através de uma barra mais larga com icones maiores possibilitando o uso dos aplicativos por dispositivos touch screen. Wikipedia

O menu Ribbon é composto de três submenus: “Arquivo”, “Ferramentas” e “Simulação”.

Menu Arquivo

Em Arquivo estão as ferramentas gerais do programa, as quais permitem ao usuário criar e salvar novos projetos, além daquelas que possibilitam carregar os projetos já existentes e importar arquivos de outros programas. Esse submenu também possui opções gerais do programa e acesso a informações sobre o programa.

Menu Ferramentas

Em Ferramentas estão presentes os itens específicos, os quais estão relacionados à criação e manipulação da rede elétrica de potência, relatórios tabulares de saída de dados e acesso ao formulário de criação de gráficos no tempo. Algumas configurações específicas do projeto ativo são acessadas por esse menu.

Menu Simulação

Finalmente, o submenu Simulação proporciona o acesso do usuário aos cálculos realizados pelo software e suas configurações, além da ferramenta de “solução contínua”, a qual resolve os cálculos estáticos (fluxo de potência, curto-circuito e harmônicos) após quaisquer mudanças na rede de potência, como remoção de componente ou alteração de seus dados. Todas as configurações de simulação do projeto ativo são acessadas por esse menu.

Área de Trabalho

Na área de trabalho estão presentes os projetos em execução, os quais são divididos por abas identificadas pelo nome do projeto (caso já esteja gravado no disco). É nessa área que são inseridos e excluídos os elementos elétricos, cujas ferramentas são acessadas por meio do Menu Ribbon.

As edições gráficas dos elementos, como posição, conexão e tamanho dos barramentos, são realizadas por meio da ação drag-and-drop (arrastar e soltar) com a utilização do mouse. A edição dos dados elétricos é feita por meio de formulários de dados acessados clicando duas vezes sobre os elementos.

Área de Trabalho

Barra de Status

A barra de status é responsável por informações interessantes sobre as circunstâncias atuais do programa: modo de operação do mouse (editar, mover, arrastar), zoom aplicado e posição do mouse na área de trabalho, além de dados sobre as ações dos usuários, como: inserção de elementos, informação sobre copiar e colar, etc.

Dica

Sempre fique atendo à barra de status, pois são fornecidas informações importantes acerca da operação do programa. Caso tenha alguma dúvida siga as instruções apresentadas nesse componente.

Configurações gerais

As configurações gerais do programa são acessadas no submenu Ribbon Arquivo. Essas configurações são aplicadas para todos os projetos e permanecem gravadas no disco.

Configurações gerais
Cuidado

Algumas configurações de segurança do seu computador (principalmente em sistemas Windows) podem gerar uma mensagem de erro ao confirmar as alterações das configurações gerais.

Para resolver esse problema basta executar o PSP-UFU como administrador (clicar com botão direito no atalho do programa e posteriormente em executar como administrador). Altere novamente as configurações e reinicie o programa.

Idioma

Atualmente os seguintes idiomas estão disponíveis no PSP-UFU:

  • Inglês
  • Português
Informação

O programa deve ser reiniciado para surtir efeito da alteração do idioma.

Renderização

Define como os elementos gráficos do editor de potência e do editor de controle são desenhados na tela. Atualmente duas opções estão disponíveis:

Cuidado!

o OpenGL pode não ser suportado pelo seu computador. Nesse caso, ao criar um novo projeto a tela de trabalho não é exibida ou é exibida uma tela preta. A solução é alterar o renderizador para "Device Context".

Caso apareça uma mensagem de erro, execute o programa como administrador e repita o processo.

Informação

O programa deve ser reiniciado para surtir efeito de alteração do renderizador.

Arquivos de projeto do PSP-UFU

As opções de criação, gravação e abertura de projetos no disco, assim como importação de arquivos de outros programas estão presentes no submenu Ribbon Arquivo.

Novo projeto

A criação de um novo projeto é realizada clicando no botão Novo projeto no submenu Arquivo. Essa ação cria um sistema em branco na área de trabalho, local onde é possível inserir os elementos elétricos por meio do submenu Ferramentas ou pelas teclas de atalho.

Esse sistema em branco pode ser ciado utilizando o Editor de Potência.

Salvar e Salvar como...

A opção "Salvar" sobrepõe as alterações realizadas no projeto aberto e grava no disco. A opção "Salvar como..." cria um novo arquivo e grava o projeto no disco com o auxílio de uma janela de seleção de pasta (e definição do nome do arquivo).

Informação

Para projetos que estão sendo gravados pela primeira vez a opção "Salvar" se comporta de forma idêntica à opção "Salvar como...".

Dica

O PSP-UFU grava os arquivos com a extensão .psp. Esses arquivos nada mais são que arquivos de texto utilizando a linguagem de marcação XML (eXtensible Markup Language), que define uma série de regras de formatação dos dados de forma que eles são tanto legíveis por humanos quanto por máquinas.

Portanto, os dados elétricos contidos neles podem ser facilmente identificados e alterados, caso necessário.

Abrir projeto

Essa opção abre os projetos gravados no disco por meio com o auxílio de uma janela de seleção de arquivos.

Importar projeto

O PSP-UFU permite a importação de arquivos dos seguintes programas:

Para importação dos arquivos do ANAREDE são utilizados tanto o arquivo de dados elétricos (.pwf) quanto de dados gráficos dos elementos (.lst).

Uma vez que o arquivo do Matpower (.m) não possui dados gráficos dos elementos elétricos, o diagrama unifilar é automaticamente gerado pelo PSP-UFU ao importá-lo.

Geração automática do layout de diagramas unifilares

Para criar o layout automático, utilizou-se a teoria dos grafos baseada no posicionamento direcionado à força e aplicação de grafos com arestas ponderadas. De acordo com a teoria dos grafos, o sistema é modelado como vértices e arestas. Nesse contexto, os barramentos são os vértices e os ramos do sistema (linhas e transformadores) são as arestas. As localizações de elementos de derivação, assim como os nós dos elementos, são automaticamente controladas pelo PSP-UFU.

A ferramenta de layout automático é composta por um processo iterativo e os resultados são mais refinados com um número maior de iterações. Os melhores resultados são obtidos utilizando o número de iterações igual ou superior a cinco vezes o número de barramentos do sistema.

Atenção!

O layout automático ainda está em desenvolvimento e algumas melhorias podem ser feitas para evitar cruzamentos e sobreposições, porém, em seu estado atual, é totalmente funcional e satisfatório.

Dica

Uma vez que o Matpower pode converter os formatos CDF (Common Data Format) e PSS/E RAW para arquivos .m, estes podem ser importados de forma indireta para o PSP-UFU.

- - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/docs/mathExpression/index.html b/docs/docs/mathExpression/index.html index a30d31cd..da0a139b 100644 --- a/docs/docs/mathExpression/index.html +++ b/docs/docs/mathExpression/index.html @@ -3,22 +3,22 @@ - -Expressão Matemática | PSP-UFU - - - - - - - - - - + +Expressão Matemática | PSP-UFU + + + + + + + + + + -
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Expressão Matemática

O bloco de expressão matemática utiliza a biblioteca externa fparser e permite ao usuário inserir expressões matemáticas genéricas de qualquer complexidade combinadas a estruturas condicionais em um diagrama de controle, aumentando significativamente a capacidade de generalização do programa.

Sintaxe das expressões matemáticas

As sintaxes das operações (para expressões A e B) são apresentadas na tabela abaixo:

OperadorExpressão
( )Expressão em parênteses primeiro
A unitUm multiplicador de unidade (se um estiver sido adicionado)
A^BExponenciação (A elevado à potência B)
-AOperação unária de oposto
!AOperação lógica unária de negação (resulta em 11 se int(A) é 00, senão 00)
A*B A/B A%BMultiplicação, divisão e módulo
A+B A-BAdição e subtração
A=B A<B A<=B A!=B A>B A>=BComparação entre A e B (resulta em 11 ou 00)
A&BResulta em 11 se int(A) e int(B) forem diferentes de 00, senão 00
A|BResulta em 11 se int(A) ou int(B) forem diferentes de 00, senão 00

As funções matemáticas suportadas pela biblioteca, as quais podem ser utilizadas na construção de diagrama de blocos, são descritas na tabela abaixo:

ExpressãoDescrição
abs(A)Valor absoluto de A. Para números reais, se A é negativo, retorna –A, senão retorna A. Para números complexos a expressão é equivalente a hypot(real(x),imag(x)).
acos(A)Arco cosseno de A. Retorna o ângulo em radianos.
acosh(A)O mesmo que acos() mas para cosseno hiperbólico
arg(A)Ângulo de fase de um número complexo A.
asin(A)Arco seno de A. Retorna o ângulo em radianos.
asinh(A)Mesmo que asin(), mas para seno hiperbólico
atan(A)Arco tangente de A. Retorna o ângulo em radianos.
atan2(A,B)Arco tangente de A/B, a qual os sinais dos dois argumentos para determinar o quadrante do resultado. Retorna a solução de do seguinte sistema: hypot(A,B)*sin(x)=A, hypot(A,B)*cos(x)=B. O valor retornado varia de π-\pi a π\pi.
atanh(A)Mesmo que atan(), mas para tangente hiperbólica.
cbrt(A)Raiz cúbica de A.
conj(A)Conjugado complexo de A.
ceil(A)Teto de A. Arredonda para o próximo maior inteiro.
cos(A)Cosseno de A. Retorna o ângulo em radianos.
cosh(A)Mesmo que cos(), mas para cosseno hiperbólico
cot(A)Cotangente de A. Retorna o ângulo em radianos.
csc(A)Cossecante de A. Retorna o ângulo em radianos.
exp(A)Exponencial de A. Retorna o valor de e elevado a potência A.
exp2(A)Exponencial de A na base 22.
floor(A)Piso de A. Arredonda para o próximo menor inteiro.
hypot(A,B)Função de distância Euclidiana.
if(A,B,C)Se int(A) é diferente de 00, retorna o valor de B, senão retorna C.
imag(A)Retorna a parte imaginária do número complexo A.
int(A)Arredonda A para o inteiro mais próximo.
log(A)Logaritmo natural (base ee) de A.
log2(A)Logaritmo na base 22 de A.
log10(A)Logaritmo na base 1010 de A.
max(A,B)Se A>B, o resultado é A, senão é B.
min(A,B)Se A<B, o resultado é A, senão é B.
polar(A,B)Retorna o número complexo de magnitude A e ângulo de fase B (em radianos).
pow(A,B)Exponenciação (A elevado à potência B)
real(A,B)Retorna a parte real do número complexo A.
sec(A)Secante de A.
sin(A)Seno de A. Retorna o ângulo em radianos.
sinh(A)Mesmo que sin(), mas para seno hiperbólico.
sqrt(A)Raiz quadrada de A.
tan(A)Tangente de A. Retorna o ângulo em radianos.
tanh(A)Mesmo que tan(), mas para tangente hiperbólica.
trunc(A)Valor truncado de A. Retorna o número inteiro de A sem a parcela fracionada.

É possível atribuir novas variáveis utilizando a seguinte sintaxe:

<nome da variável> := <expressão>; <função>

Por exemplo:

comprimento := sqrt(x*x+y*y); 2*comprimento*sin(comprimento)
Dica

O caractere de espaço e de nova linha são ignorados na interpretação da expressão, portanto para maior organização, o código anterior pode ser escrito da seguinte forma:

comprimento := sqrt(x*x+y*y);
2*comprimento*sin(comprimento)
Cuidado!

Note que a expressão que determina o valor de saída do bloco não possui o caractere ; em seu final.

Formulário de edição de dados do bloco de Expressão Matemática

O formulário de inserção e edição das entradas do bloco e da expressão matemática genérica, assim como ferramentas de auxílio de sua construção é apresentado na figura abaixo.

Formulário de edição de dados do bloco de expressão matemática no PSP-UFU

No campo de “Variáveis de entrada” é inserida uma lista com os nomes das entradas separados por espaços. Um número qualquer de entrada pode ser definido nessa lista esses nomes são apresentados no ícone gráfico presente no editor de controle, além de serem destacados na expressão inserida pelo usuário. O número de entradas e saídas se comporta de forma semelhante aos blocos somadores.

Abaixo do campo das variáveis de entrada está presente o local para inserção da expressão matemática. A sintaxe da expressão inserida pelo usuário possui realce (por meio de diferentes formas e cores da fonte) para números, operadores, variáveis de entrada, funções e constantes, facilitando a criação, manipulação e identificação de erros de digitação e lógica.

Informação

Como ferramenta de auxílio ao usuário foi desenvolvida uma verificação da expressão inserida.

Tal ferramenta irá encontrar erros e indicará ao usuário qual o tipo do erro, além da sua localização, destacando-o. A figura anterior exemplifica a identificação automática do erro pelo PSP-UFU, assim como sua posição na expressão inserida.

Exemplo de Expressão Matemática

A corrente de campo em p.u.p.u. pode ser estimada de forma aproximada utilizando as potências ativa (PP) e reativa (QQ), assim como as reatâncias transitórias de eixo direto (xdx_d) e em quadratura (xqx_q) e o módulo da tensão terminal (VV) da máquina:

if(V+Q)2+P2+(xdxq+1,0)×Q(V+Q)+P2(V+Q)2+P2i_f \approx \sqrt{ \left( V + Q' \right)^2 + P^2} + \left(\frac{x_d}{x_q} +1{,}0 \right) \times \frac{Q' \left( V + Q' \right) + {P'}^2}{\sqrt{\left( V + Q'\right)^2 + P^2}}