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前端性能优化.html
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<div class="post-date" data-datetime="2020-11-24T13:52:06+08:00">
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<h2 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">前端性能优化</h2>
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2018-08-30
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<span class="post-meta-item-text">热度 </span>
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<span class="post-meta-item-text">字数统计:</span>
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1,271 (字)
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5 (分钟)
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<h2 id="前端性能优化主要是为了提高页面的加载速度,优化用户的访问体验。"><a href="#前端性能优化主要是为了提高页面的加载速度,优化用户的访问体验。" class="headerlink" title="前端性能优化主要是为了提高页面的加载速度,优化用户的访问体验。"></a>前端性能优化主要是为了提高页面的加载速度,优化用户的访问体验。</h2><a id="more"></a>
<p><img src="http://cdn.mydearest.cn/blog/images/optimize.png" alt="optimize"></p>
<h2 id="页面的内容"><a href="#页面的内容" class="headerlink" title="页面的内容"></a>页面的内容</h2><ol>
<li><p>通过文件合并、css 雪碧图、使用 base64 等方式来减少 HTTP 请求数,避免过多的请求造成等待的情况。</p>
</li>
<li><p>通过 DNS 缓存等机制来减少 DNS 的查询次数。</p>
</li>
<li><p>通过设置缓存策略,对常用不变的资源进行缓存。</p>
</li>
<li><p>使用延迟加载的方式,来减少页面首屏加载时需要请求的资源。延迟加载的资源当用户需要访问时,再去请求加载。</p>
</li>
<li><p>通过用户行为,对某些资源使用预加载的方式,来提高用户需要访问资源时的响应速度。组件路由按需加载。</p>
</li>
<li><p>不管对于CSR或者SSR,都建议配合使用Service worker,来控制资源的调配及骨架屏秒开的体验。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="服务器"><a href="#服务器" class="headerlink" title="服务器"></a>服务器</h2><ol>
<li><p>使用 CDN 服务,来提高用户对于资源请求时的响应速度。</p>
</li>
<li><p>服务器端启用 Gzip、Deflate 等方式对于传输的资源进行压缩,减小文件的体积。</p>
</li>
<li><p>尽可能减小 cookie 的大小,并且通过将静态资源分配到其他域名下,来避免对静态资源请求时携带不必要的 cookie</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="CSS-和-JavaScript"><a href="#CSS-和-JavaScript" class="headerlink" title="CSS 和 JavaScript"></a>CSS 和 JavaScript</h2><ol>
<li><p>把样式表放在页面的 head 标签中,减少页面的首次渲染的时间。</p>
</li>
<li><p>避免使用 @import 标签。</p>
</li>
<li><p>尽量把 js 脚本放在页面底部或者使用 defer 或 async 属性,避免脚本的加载和执行阻塞页面的渲染。</p>
</li>
<li><p>通过对 JavaScript 和 CSS 的文件进行压缩,来减小文件的体积。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="资源合并压缩-减少HTTP请求"><a href="#资源合并压缩-减少HTTP请求" class="headerlink" title="资源合并压缩 减少HTTP请求"></a>资源合并压缩 减少HTTP请求</h2><h3 id="尽量合并和压缩html-css和js文件-借助前端工具-例如-webpack-gulp-grunt…"><a href="#尽量合并和压缩html-css和js文件-借助前端工具-例如-webpack-gulp-grunt…" class="headerlink" title="尽量合并和压缩html css和js文件 借助前端工具 例如 webpack gulp grunt…"></a>尽量合并和压缩html css和js文件 借助前端工具 例如 webpack gulp grunt…</h3><h3 id="开启gzip压缩"><a href="#开启gzip压缩" class="headerlink" title="开启gzip压缩"></a>开启gzip压缩</h3><h2 id="图片优化"><a href="#图片优化" class="headerlink" title="图片优化"></a>图片优化</h2><h3 id="雪碧图-图片压缩-svg-base64"><a href="#雪碧图-图片压缩-svg-base64" class="headerlink" title="雪碧图 图片压缩 svg base64"></a>雪碧图 图片压缩 svg base64</h3><h2 id="懒加载-预加载"><a href="#懒加载-预加载" class="headerlink" title="懒加载 / 预加载"></a>懒加载 / 预加载</h2><h3 id="懒加载:图片进入可视区域之后请求图片资源-对于电商等图片很多,页面很长的业务场景适用-并发加载的资源过多会阻塞-js-的加载,影响网站的正常使用"><a href="#懒加载:图片进入可视区域之后请求图片资源-对于电商等图片很多,页面很长的业务场景适用-并发加载的资源过多会阻塞-js-的加载,影响网站的正常使用" class="headerlink" title="懒加载:图片进入可视区域之后请求图片资源 对于电商等图片很多,页面很长的业务场景适用 并发加载的资源过多会阻塞 js 的加载,影响网站的正常使用"></a>懒加载:图片进入可视区域之后请求图片资源 对于电商等图片很多,页面很长的业务场景适用 并发加载的资源过多会阻塞 js 的加载,影响网站的正常使用</h3><h3 id="预加载:图片等静态资源在使用之前的提前请求-资源使用到时能从缓存中加载,提升用户体验"><a href="#预加载:图片等静态资源在使用之前的提前请求-资源使用到时能从缓存中加载,提升用户体验" class="headerlink" title="预加载:图片等静态资源在使用之前的提前请求 资源使用到时能从缓存中加载,提升用户体验"></a>预加载:图片等静态资源在使用之前的提前请求 资源使用到时能从缓存中加载,提升用户体验</h3><h2 id="浏览器存储"><a href="#浏览器存储" class="headerlink" title="浏览器存储"></a>浏览器存储</h2><h3 id="localStorage:大小为-5M-左右仅在客户端使用,不和服务端进行通信-浏览器本地缓存方案"><a href="#localStorage:大小为-5M-左右仅在客户端使用,不和服务端进行通信-浏览器本地缓存方案" class="headerlink" title="localStorage:大小为 5M 左右仅在客户端使用,不和服务端进行通信 浏览器本地缓存方案"></a>localStorage:大小为 5M 左右仅在客户端使用,不和服务端进行通信 浏览器本地缓存方案</h3><h3 id="indexedDB:用于客户端存储大量结构化数据-为应用创建离线版本"><a href="#indexedDB:用于客户端存储大量结构化数据-为应用创建离线版本" class="headerlink" title="indexedDB:用于客户端存储大量结构化数据 为应用创建离线版本"></a>indexedDB:用于客户端存储大量结构化数据 为应用创建离线版本</h3><h2 id="浏览器缓存"><a href="#浏览器缓存" class="headerlink" title="浏览器缓存"></a>浏览器缓存</h2><h3 id="强缓存:"><a href="#强缓存:" class="headerlink" title="强缓存:"></a>强缓存:</h3><ul>
<li><p>expires:
缓存过期时间,用来指定资源到期的时间,是服务器端的绝对时间
告诉浏览器在过期时间前浏览器可以直接从浏览器缓存取数据,而无需再次请求</p>
</li>
<li><p>cache-control:max-age = xxx
声明该资源在加载后的xxx秒内都直接使用缓存 使用的是相对时间 即加载文件本机的时间</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>如果在Cache-Control响应头设置了 “max-age” 或者 “s-max-age” 指令,那么 Expires 头会被忽略。</p>
<h3 id="协商缓存:"><a href="#协商缓存:" class="headerlink" title="协商缓存:"></a>协商缓存:</h3><blockquote>
<p>触发条件</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Cache-Control 的值为 no-cache (不强缓存)
max-age 过期了 (强缓存,但总有过期的时候)</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Last-Modified / If-Modified-Since</li>
</ul>
<p>Last-Modified ——- response header
If-Modified-Since ——- request header
缺点:某些服务端不能获取精确的修改时间;文件修改时间改了,但文件内容却没有变</p>
<ul>
<li>Etag / If-None-Match</li>
</ul>
<p>文件内容的 hash 值
etag ——- response header
if-none-match ——- request header</p>
<h2 id="CDN-内容分发网络"><a href="#CDN-内容分发网络" class="headerlink" title="CDN 内容分发网络"></a>CDN 内容分发网络</h2><p>jsdelivr/PicGo/puppeteer</p>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/用户名/图床仓库名" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/用户名/图床仓库名</a>
<strong>通常情况下,图片大小都是超过 200KB 的,所以网页加载的时候会特别慢,一般我们会对图片进行压缩,这里我推荐 Imagine(点击下载) 支持全平台。</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Imagine 采用的是有损压缩,推荐一个无损压缩的网站:<a href="https://tinypng.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://tinypng.com/</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="前端错误监控以及上报"><a href="#前端错误监控以及上报" class="headerlink" title="前端错误监控以及上报"></a>前端错误监控以及上报</h2><ul>
<li>前端错误分类:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>即时运行错误:代码错误</li>
<li>资源加载错误</li>
<li>对于跨域的代码运行错误会显示 Script error. 对于这种情况我们需要给 script 标签添加 crossorigin 属性,并且服务器添加Access-Control-Allow-Origin</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>即时运行错误捕获
(1)try ….catch
(2) window.onerror 或者 window.addEventListener 记住事件捕获阶段获得,不是冒泡阶段</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>资源加载错误
(1)object.onerror,如img.onerror
(2)performance.getEntries (getEntries api返回一个资源加载完成数组,假设为img,再查询页面中一共有多少个img,二者的差就是没有加载上的资源)
(3)Error事件捕获</li>
</ul>
<ol start="4">
<li>错误如何上报</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>ajax</li>
<li>image的src上报<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(<span class="keyword">new</span> Image()).src = <span class="string">'错误上报的请求地址'</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>一般来说都是采用image对象的方式上报错误的;使用图片发送get请求,上报信息,由于浏览器对图片有缓存,同样的请求,图片只会发送一次,避免重复上
报。</p>
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<div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#前端性能优化主要是为了提高页面的加载速度,优化用户的访问体验。"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">前端性能优化主要是为了提高页面的加载速度,优化用户的访问体验。</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#页面的内容"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">页面的内容</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#服务器"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">服务器</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#CSS-和-JavaScript"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">CSS 和 JavaScript</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#资源合并压缩-减少HTTP请求"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">资源合并压缩 减少HTTP请求</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#尽量合并和压缩html-css和js文件-借助前端工具-例如-webpack-gulp-grunt…"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">尽量合并和压缩html css和js文件 借助前端工具 例如 webpack gulp grunt…</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#开启gzip压缩"><span class="nav-number">5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">开启gzip压缩</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#图片优化"><span class="nav-number">6.</span> <span class="nav-text">图片优化</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#雪碧图-图片压缩-svg-base64"><span class="nav-number">6.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">雪碧图 图片压缩 svg base64</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#懒加载-预加载"><span class="nav-number">7.</span> <span class="nav-text">懒加载 / 预加载</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#懒加载:图片进入可视区域之后请求图片资源-对于电商等图片很多,页面很长的业务场景适用-并发加载的资源过多会阻塞-js-的加载,影响网站的正常使用"><span class="nav-number">7.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">懒加载:图片进入可视区域之后请求图片资源 对于电商等图片很多,页面很长的业务场景适用 并发加载的资源过多会阻塞 js 的加载,影响网站的正常使用</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#预加载:图片等静态资源在使用之前的提前请求-资源使用到时能从缓存中加载,提升用户体验"><span class="nav-number">7.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">预加载:图片等静态资源在使用之前的提前请求 资源使用到时能从缓存中加载,提升用户体验</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#浏览器存储"><span class="nav-number">8.</span> <span class="nav-text">浏览器存储</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#localStorage:大小为-5M-左右仅在客户端使用,不和服务端进行通信-浏览器本地缓存方案"><span class="nav-number">8.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">localStorage:大小为 5M 左右仅在客户端使用,不和服务端进行通信 浏览器本地缓存方案</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#indexedDB:用于客户端存储大量结构化数据-为应用创建离线版本"><span class="nav-number">8.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">indexedDB:用于客户端存储大量结构化数据 为应用创建离线版本</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#浏览器缓存"><span class="nav-number">9.</span> <span class="nav-text">浏览器缓存</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#强缓存:"><span class="nav-number">9.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">强缓存:</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#协商缓存:"><span class="nav-number">9.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">协商缓存:</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#CDN-内容分发网络"><span class="nav-number">10.</span> <span class="nav-text">CDN 内容分发网络</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#前端错误监控以及上报"><span class="nav-number">11.</span> <span class="nav-text">前端错误监控以及上报</span></a></li></ol></div>
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<span class="author" itemprop="copyrightHolder">陈宇(cosyer)</span>
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