diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 76eff15..b81a378 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@
     "axios": "^1.6.0",
     "bech32": "^2.0.0",
     "bignumber.js": "^9.0.1",
-    "buffer": "^6.0.3",
     "fast-json-stable-stringify": "^2.1.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/globalThis.ts b/src/globalThis.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6204282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/globalThis.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+declare let self: unknown | undefined;
+declare let window: unknown | undefined;
+// eslint-disable-next-line no-var, import/no-mutable-exports
+var globalThis: any = (() => {
+  if (typeof globalThis !== 'undefined') return globalThis;
+  if (typeof self !== 'undefined') return self;
+  if (typeof window !== 'undefined') return window;
+  if (typeof global !== 'undefined') return global;
+  throw new Error('Unable to locate global object');
+})();
+
+export default globalThis;
diff --git a/src/messages/iscn.ts b/src/messages/iscn.ts
index e22dfb0..f97aa83 100644
--- a/src/messages/iscn.ts
+++ b/src/messages/iscn.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-extraneous-dependencies
 import { EncodeObject } from '@cosmjs/proto-signing';
-import { Buffer } from 'buffer/';
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-extraneous-dependencies
 import Long from 'long';
 import { ISCNSignPayload, Stakeholder } from '../types';
+import globalThis from '../globalThis';
 
 export function formatISCNPayload(payload: ISCNSignPayload, version = 1): {
     recordNotes?: string;
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ export function formatISCNPayload(payload: ISCNSignPayload, version = 1): {
     ...data
   } = payload;
 
-  const stakeholders = inputStakeholders.map((s: Stakeholder) => Buffer.from(
+  const stakeholders = inputStakeholders.map((s: Stakeholder) => globalThis.Buffer.from(
     JSON.stringify(s),
     'utf8',
   ));
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export function formatISCNPayload(payload: ISCNSignPayload, version = 1): {
     recordNotes,
     contentFingerprints,
     stakeholders,
-    contentMetadata: Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(contentMetadata), 'utf8'),
+    contentMetadata: globalThis.Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(contentMetadata), 'utf8'),
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/messages/likenft.ts b/src/messages/likenft.ts
index fc1b6bd..260927b 100644
--- a/src/messages/likenft.ts
+++ b/src/messages/likenft.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { ClassConfig } from '@likecoin/iscn-message-types/dist/likechain/likenft
 import { RoyaltyConfigInput } from '@likecoin/iscn-message-types/dist/likechain/likenft/v1/royalty_config';
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-extraneous-dependencies
 import Long from 'long';
-import { Buffer } from 'buffer/';
+import globalThis from '../globalThis';
 import { MintNFTData, NewNFTClassData } from '../types';
 
 export function formatMsgNewClass(
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export function formatMsgNewClass(
         description: nftClassData.description,
         uri: nftClassData.uri,
         uriHash: nftClassData.uriHash,
-        metadata: Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({
+        metadata: globalThis.Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({
           ...(nftClassData.metadata || {}),
         }), 'utf8'),
         config: classConfig || {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ export function formatMsgMintNFT(
       input: {
         uri: nftData.uri,
         uriHash: nftData.uriHash,
-        metadata: Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({
+        metadata: globalThis.Buffer.from(JSON.stringify({
           ...(nftData.metadata || {}),
         }), 'utf8'),
       },
diff --git a/src/messages/parsing.ts b/src/messages/parsing.ts
index c765875..d44cf8c 100644
--- a/src/messages/parsing.ts
+++ b/src/messages/parsing.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import { MsgGrant } from 'cosmjs-types/cosmos/authz/v1beta1/tx';
 import { GenericAuthorization, Grant } from 'cosmjs-types/cosmos/authz/v1beta1/authz';
 import { SendAuthorization } from 'cosmjs-types/cosmos/bank/v1beta1/authz';
 import { StakeAuthorization } from 'cosmjs-types/cosmos/staking/v1beta1/authz';
-import { Buffer } from 'buffer/';
+import globalThis from '../globalThis';
 import {
   ISCNRecord, ISCNRecordData, LikeNFT, LikeNFTClass, ParsedISCNTx,
 } from '../types';
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@ export function parseISCNRecordFields(record: IscnRecord): ISCNRecordData {
     ...record,
     stakeholders: stakeholders.map((s: Uint8Array) => {
       if (s) {
-        const sString = Buffer.from(s).toString('utf-8');
+        const sString = globalThis.Buffer.from(s).toString('utf-8');
         if (sString) return JSON.parse(sString);
       }
       return s;
     }),
-    contentMetadata: JSON.parse(Buffer.from(contentMetadata).toString('utf-8')),
+    contentMetadata: JSON.parse(globalThis.Buffer.from(contentMetadata).toString('utf-8')),
   };
 }
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ export function parseNFTClassDataFields(record: Class): LikeNFTClass {
   if (record.data && record.data.typeUrl === '/likechain.likenft.v1.ClassData') {
     data = ClassData.decode(record.data.value);
     if (data.metadata) {
-      const metadataString = Buffer.from(data.metadata).toString('utf-8');
+      const metadataString = globalThis.Buffer.from(data.metadata).toString('utf-8');
       if (metadataString) {
         data.metadata = JSON.parse(metadataString);
       }
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ export function parseNFTDataFields(record: NFT): LikeNFT {
   if (record.data && record.data.typeUrl === '/likechain.likenft.v1.NFTData') {
     data = NFTData.decode(record.data.value);
     if (data.metadata) {
-      const metadataString = Buffer.from(data.metadata).toString('utf-8');
+      const metadataString = globalThis.Buffer.from(data.metadata).toString('utf-8');
       if (metadataString) {
         data.metadata = JSON.parse(metadataString);
       }
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ export function parseTxInfoFromIndexedTx(tx: IndexedTx): ParsedISCNTx {
 export function parseISCNTxRecordFromQuery(records: QueryResponseRecord[]): ISCNRecord[] {
   return records.map((r): ISCNRecord => {
     const { data, ipld } = r;
-    const parsedData = JSON.parse(Buffer.from(data).toString('utf-8'));
+    const parsedData = JSON.parse(globalThis.Buffer.from(data).toString('utf-8'));
     return {
       ipld,
       data: parsedData,
diff --git a/src/nft/nftId.ts b/src/nft/nftId.ts
index dc7575c..f505bbd 100644
--- a/src/nft/nftId.ts
+++ b/src/nft/nftId.ts
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ function calculateNFTClassId(
   prefix: Uint8Array,
   serial = 0,
 ): string {
-  const bytes = Buffer.concat([
+  const bytes = globalThis.Buffer.concat([
     prefix,
-    Buffer.from(serial.toString(), 'utf8'),
+    globalThis.Buffer.from(serial.toString(), 'utf8'),
   ]);
   const sha256 = createHash('sha256');
   const hash = sha256.update(bytes).digest();
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ export function calculateNFTClassIdByISCNId(
   numberOfExistingNFTClass = 0,
 ): string {
   const iscnIdPrefix = getISCNPrefix(iscnId);
-  const prefix = Buffer.from(iscnIdPrefix, 'utf8');
+  const prefix = globalThis.Buffer.from(iscnIdPrefix, 'utf8');
   return calculateNFTClassId(prefix, numberOfExistingNFTClass);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/tests/utils.ts b/src/tests/utils.ts
index fc06729..52e2569 100644
--- a/src/tests/utils.ts
+++ b/src/tests/utils.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 import { createHash } from 'crypto';
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-extraneous-dependencies
 import { TxRaw } from 'cosmjs-types/cosmos/tx/v1beta1/tx';
-import { Buffer } from 'buffer/';
+import globalThis from '../globalThis';
 
 export async function computeTransactionHash(signed: TxRaw): Promise<string> {
   const tx = Uint8Array.from(TxRaw.encode(signed).finish());
   const sha256 = createHash('sha256');
   const txHash = sha256
-    .update(Buffer.from(tx.buffer))
+    .update(globalThis.Buffer.from(tx.buffer))
     .digest('hex');
   return txHash.toUpperCase();
 }
diff --git a/src/transactions/gas.ts b/src/transactions/gas.ts
index 61942b6..085153e 100644
--- a/src/transactions/gas.ts
+++ b/src/transactions/gas.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import { StdFee } from '@cosmjs/stargate';
 import BigNumber from 'bignumber.js';
-import { Buffer } from 'buffer/';
 import jsonStringify from 'fast-json-stable-stringify';
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-extraneous-dependencies
 import { EncodeObject } from '@cosmjs/proto-signing';
+import globalThis from '../globalThis';
 import {
   GAS_ESTIMATOR_INTERCEPT,
   GAS_ESTIMATOR_SLOPE,
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ export function estimateMsgTxGas(msg: EncodeObject, {
     value,
     memo, // directly append memo to object if exists, since we only need its length
   };
-  const txBytes = Buffer.from(jsonStringify(obj), 'utf-8');
+  const txBytes = globalThis.Buffer.from(jsonStringify(obj), 'utf-8');
   const byteSize = new BigNumber(txBytes.length);
   const gasUsedEstimationBeforeBuffer = byteSize
     .multipliedBy(GAS_ESTIMATOR_SLOPE)
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ export function estimateMsgsTxGas(messages: EncodeObject[], option: {
   memo?: string,
   gasMultiplier?: number,
 }): StdFee {
-  const msgSizes = messages.map((m) => (Buffer.from(jsonStringify(m), 'utf-8').length));
+  const msgSizes = messages.map((m) => (globalThis.Buffer.from(jsonStringify(m), 'utf-8').length));
   const maxIndex = msgSizes.reduce((acc, curr, index) => {
     if (curr > msgSizes[acc]) return index;
     return acc;
diff --git a/src/transactions/iscn.ts b/src/transactions/iscn.ts
index c57f1d4..fa99c9c 100644
--- a/src/transactions/iscn.ts
+++ b/src/transactions/iscn.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import jsonStringify from 'fast-json-stable-stringify';
 import BigNumber from 'bignumber.js';
 import { StdFee } from '@cosmjs/stargate';
 import { Coin } from 'cosmjs-types/cosmos/base/v1beta1/coin';
-import { Buffer } from 'buffer/';
+import globalThis from '../globalThis';
 
 import {
   ISCN_REGISTRY_NAME,
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ export async function estimateISCNTxFee(
       '/': 'bahuaierav3bfvm4ytx7gvn4yqeu4piiocuvtvdpyyb5f6moxniwemae4tjyq',
     };
   }
-  const byteSize = Buffer.from(jsonStringify(obj), 'utf-8').length
-      + Buffer.from(jsonStringify({ stakeholders: [], contentMetadata: {} }), 'utf-8').length
+  const byteSize = globalThis.Buffer.from(jsonStringify(obj), 'utf-8').length
+      + globalThis.Buffer.from(jsonStringify({ stakeholders: [], contentMetadata: {} }), 'utf-8').length
       + stakeholders.reduce((acc, s) => acc + s.length, 0)
       + stakeholders.length
       + contentMetadata.length;
diff --git a/src/transactions/nft.ts b/src/transactions/nft.ts
index 225d355..ff78aef 100644
--- a/src/transactions/nft.ts
+++ b/src/transactions/nft.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import BigNumber from 'bignumber.js';
 // eslint-disable-next-line import/no-extraneous-dependencies
 import { EncodeObject } from '@cosmjs/proto-signing';
 import { Coin } from 'cosmjs-types/cosmos/base/v1beta1/coin';
-import { Buffer } from 'buffer/';
+import globalThis from '../globalThis';
 
 import { formatGasFee } from './gas';
 import ISCNQueryClient from '../queryClient';
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export async function estimateNFTTxFee(
     value,
     memo, // directly append memo to object if exists, since we only need its length
   };
-  const txBytes = Buffer.from(jsonStringify(obj), 'utf-8');
+  const txBytes = globalThis.Buffer.from(jsonStringify(obj), 'utf-8');
   const byteSize = new BigNumber(txBytes.length);
   const feeAmount = new BigNumber(byteSize).multipliedBy(feePerByteAmount);
   return {