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mecProceedings_example_2.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-model href="mecProceedings_schema.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
<?xml-model href="mecProceedings_schema.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="mecProceedings.xsl"?>
<confSubmission xmlns="http://www.music-encoding.org/ns/mei" version="0.05"
xmlns:ex="http://www.music-encoding.org/ns/mei/Examples"
xmlns:mei="http://www.music-encoding.org/ns/mei">
<title>Encoding, Searching, and Displaying of Music Incipits in the RISM-OPAC</title>
<authorList>
<authorData>
<authorName>
<famName>Diet</famName>
<foreName>Jürgen</foreName>
</authorName>
<affiliation>N/A</affiliation>
<email>diet@example.com</email>
</authorData>
<authorData>
<authorName>
<famName>Gerritsen</famName>
<foreName>Magda</foreName>
</authorName>
<affiliation>N/A</affiliation>
<email>gerritson@example.com</email>
</authorData>
</authorList>
<abstract>
<head>ABSTRACT</head>
<p>The RISM-OPAC (http://opac.rism.info) is a free online catalogue that provides access to the
data of the RISM series A II (music manuscripts between 1600 and 1800). It has been developed
by the Bavarian State Library in cooperation with RISM and the State Library of Berlin and was
launched in June 2010. In March 2011, a new version of the RISM-OPAC has been released that
includes a searching possibility in the music incipits of the RISM data. Most of the 850.000
data records (as of September 2013) contain one or several music incipits that describe the
beginning of instrumental or vocal parts of the music manuscripts using the Plaine&Easie
code. This paper describes how the music incipits are encoded in Plaine&Easie and how the
searching for music incipits is done in the RISM-OPAC. Furthermore, the rendering of an
incipit encoded in Plaine&Easie in a graphical image will be covered. When a RISM-record
is displayed the user will not see the Plaine&Easie code but the corresponding graphical
form using the common western music notation. <!-- abstract is too long -->
<!--Finally, the current developments for the next version of the RISM-OPAC will be explained that include
among others an improved user interface for searching in the music incipits and the conversion of the data
records of the RISM series A/II into RDF in order to publish them as linked open data.--></p>
</abstract>
<div>
<head>History and Status Quo of RISM and the RISM-OPAC</head>
<p>Before describing the RISM-OPAC, a short description of RISM itself will be helpful<annot>All
URLs in this article have been checked on October 9, 2013.</annot>: <quote><p>"The
International Inventory of Musical Sources – Répertoire International des Sources
Musicales (RISM) – is a multinational, non-profit joint venture which aims for
comprehensive documentation of extant musical sources worldwide. These primary sources are
manuscripts or printed music, writings on music theory, and libretti. They are housed in
libraries, archives, monasteries, schools and private collections.</p>
<p>The organization, founded in Paris in 1952, is the largest and only global operation that
documents written musical sources. RISM records what exists and where it can be found. As
a result, musical traditions are protected through cataloguing in a comprehensive
inventory while also being made available to musicologists and musicians. Such work is
thus not an end in itself, but leads directly to practical applications."<bibl
target="rism"/></p></quote> Currently, RISM groups are working in 36 countries and are
cataloguing their data in a central database hosted by the State Library of Berlin. The RISM
central office in Frankfurt, Germany, consolidates this data and delivers it monthly to the
Bavarian State Library where the RISM-OPAC is being developed and hosted (<ref
target="http://opac.rism.info">http://opac.rism.info</ref>). The first release of the
RISM-OPAC went online in June 2010; a second release followed in March 2011 and included the
ability to search by music incipits. The database currently contains around 1,200,000 incipits
in 850,000 data records and increases by around 25,000 data records each year.</p>
<fig>
<caption>Homepage of RISM-OPAC at https://opac.rism.info/index.php?id=2&L=1</caption>
<graphic target="ex02fig01.png"/>
</fig>
<p>The most recent new development of the RISM-OPAC is the release of the RISM data records as
open data in the format MARC-XML. Since July 2013, this data can be downloaded from the
RISM-OPAC website at <ref target="https://opac.rism.info/index.php?id=8&L=1"
>https://opac.rism.info/index.php?id=8&L=1</ref>.</p>
</div>
<div>
<head>Encoding of Music Incipits with Plaine&Easie Code</head>
<div>
<head>The Plaine&Easie Code</head>
<p>Plaine&Easie is an alpha-numeric code for encoding musical notation. It is maintained
by the International Association of Music Libraries (IAML) and by RISM and is described on
the IAML web pages: <ref
target="http://www.iaml.info/en/activities/projects/plain_and_easy_code"
>http://www.iaml.info/en/activities/projects/plain_and_easy_code</ref>. A good overview of
several musical codes (including Plaine&Easie) can be found in Eleanor Selfridge-Fields’
book "Beyond Midi"<bibl target="selfridge-field"/>.</p>
<p>Here is an example for a music incipit and its corresponding notation in
Plaine&Easie:</p>
<fig>
<caption>′4F8-FA″C/4F8.At3GA‴4C/′F8-FB″D/4F</caption>
<graphic target="ex02fig02.png"/>
</fig>
</div>
<div>
<head>Cataloguing the RISM incipits</head>
<p>The RISM country groups are cataloguing their data using the software "Kallisto". Kallisto
is a proprietary software and distributed to the RISM country groups by the RISM central
office free of charge. The YouTube channel of the RISM central office contains several
videos that describe the cataloguing process with Kallisto, among others a video about
entering incipits in Kallisto: <ref
target="http://www.youtube.com/user/RISMZentralredaktion"
>http://www.youtube.com/user/RISMZentralredaktion</ref>. The incipits in the RISM database
are encoded in Plaine&Easie, and each RISM data record can contain one or more incipits.
For instrumental music, the first bars of the first violin or the highest instrument are
used for the incipit. For vocal music, the first bars of the highest voice are used. The
length of a RISM incipit should be at least 3 bars or 10 non-repeated notes. In its
typewritten version the code should fit on a single line.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<head>Searching for Music Incipits</head>
<p>The data of the RISM-OPAC is stored in a FAST-ESP-index (Fast Search & Transfer ASA,
Enterprise Search Product). FAST is a Norwegian company with focus on data search
technologies. It has been acquired by Microsoft in 2008.</p>
<p>There are two index fields that contain the music incipits. The first one includes the
Plaine&Easie code where the code has been reduced to the pitch values and halftones are
not considered. The pitch value "B" is represented both as "B" and in its German version "H".
E.g., the Plaine&Easie code
<programCode>{"6C'GG"C}{CEED}4D4-/6-{"DDF}{FAA'nB}'4B4-/</programCode> is thus represented in
the FAST-index as
<programCode>CGGCCEEDDDDFFAABB|CGGCCEEDDDDFFAAHH|CCCDDDFFF|CCCDDDFFF</programCode></p>
<p>The RISM-OPAC offers two different search methods by music incipits: with transposition and
without transposition. For the search with transposition, a second FAST index field is used
that contains all transposed representations of the original search string. The second FAST
index field of the above mentioned Plaine&Easie incipit includes this representation: <programCode>
<![CDATA[CGGCCEEDDDDFFAABB|DAADDFFEEEEGGBBCC|EBBEEGGFFFFAACCDD|
FCCFFAAGGGGBBDDEE|GDDGGBBAAAACCEEFF|AEEAACCBBBBDDFFGG|
BFFBBDDCCCCEEGGAA|HFFHHDDCCCCEEGGAA|CGGCCEEDDDDFFAAHH|
DAADDFFEEEEGGHHCC|EHHEEGGFFFFAACCDD|FCCFFAAGGGGHHDDEE|
GDDGGHHAAAACCEEFF|AEEAACCHHHHDDFFGG|CCCDDDFFF|DDDEEEGGG|
EEEFFFAAA|FFFGGGBBB|GGGAAACCC|AAABBBDDD|BBBCCCEEE|
HHHCCCEEE|FFFGGGHHH|AAAHHHDDD]]>
</programCode>
</p>
</div>
<div>
<head>Displaying the Music Incipits</head>
<p>For displaying the music incipits, the RISM-OPAC uses a PHP script that invokes a software
module written in C++ by Dr. Gieseking. The input parameters of this C++-module are the id of
the incipit and the Plaine&Easie code. The output is an image in the format PNG. If the
incipit is not a valid Plaine&Easie code, then only the parameter "id" is returned.</p>
<p>The following URL is an example for invoking the C++-module with the two parameters "id" and
"incipit":
http://opac.rism.info/incipit.php?id=20001847&incipit=%25G-2%40c%24bBEA%25B3{%27%276C%27GG%
27%27C}{CEED}4D4-%2F6-{%27%27DDF}{FAA%27nB}%274B4-%2F</p>
<p>The result of the C++-module is the following PNG-file:</p>
<fig>
<caption>Display results.</caption>
<graphic target="ex02fig03.png"/>
</fig>
</div>
<div>
<head>Plans for Further Developments of the RISM-OPAC</head>
<p>During the year 2013, new developments of the RISM-OPAC are being made that will go online
probably in spring 2014. These developments are part of the grant for the third project phase
of the Virtual Library of Musicology. The Virtual Library of Musicology is funded by the
German Research Foundation in the grant GR 2956/24-2.</p>
<p>The RISM-OPAC developments in 2013 include <list form="marked">
<li>the introduction of institutional and collection level views to the RISM data so that
other institutions can integrate a subset of the RISM data into their websites</li>
<li>improvements in the display of search results (e.g., for persons)</li>
<li>enabling the search for RISM data records with digitizations</li>
<li>an improved incipit search that recognizes half tones and has a virtual keyboard as user
interface for entering the search melody</li>
<li>the integration of the RISM series B/I (collective music prints) in the RISM-OPAC</li>
<li>the publication of the RISM data in RDF (i.e., as linked open data) and</li>
<li>bug fixes.</li>
</list></p>
<p>In the medium term, more developments of the RISM-OAPC are planned but are dependent on
appropriate funding. These plans include <list form="marked">
<li>the integration of the RISM series A/I (individual music prints) in the RISM-OPAC</li>
<li>improved integration of authority files (GND and VIAF) and</li>
<li>implementing new requirements of the successor software of Kallisto.</li>
</list></p>
</div>
<biblList>
<head>WORKS CITED</head>
<bibl xml:id="rism">RISM web site. <ref target="http://www.rism.info/en/organisation.html"
>http://www.rism.info/en/organisation.html</ref></bibl>
<bibl xml:id="selfridge-field">Selfridge-Field, Eleanor. Beyond MIDI: The handbook of musical
codes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.</bibl>
</biblList>
</confSubmission>