[mlir][EmitC] Model lvalues as a type in EmitC (llvm#91475)

This adds an `emitc.lvalue` type which models assignable lvlaues in the
type system. Operations modifying memory are restricted to this type
accordingly.

See also the discussion on
[discourse](https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-separate-variables-from-ssa-values-in-emitc/75224/9).
The most notable changes are as follows.

- `emitc.variable` and `emitc.global` ops are restricted to return
`emitc.array` or `emitc.lvalue` types
- Taking the address of a value is restricted to operands with lvalue
type
- Conversion from lvalues into SSA values is done with the new
`emitc.load` op
- The var operand of the `emitc.assign` op is restricted to lvalue type 
- The result of the `emitc.subscript` and `emitc.get_global` ops is a
lvalue type
- The operands and results of the `emitc.member` and
`emitc.member_of_ptr` ops are restricted to lvalue types

---------

Co-authored-by: Matthias Gehre <matthias.gehre@amd.com>

mlir/include/mlir/Dialect/EmitC/IR/EmitC.td

@@ -88,17 +88,17 @@ def EmitC_ApplyOp : EmitC_Op<"apply", [CExpression]> {
 
     ```mlir
     // Custom form of applying the & operator.
-    %0 = emitc.apply "&"(%arg0) : (i32) -> !emitc.ptr<i32>
+    %0 = emitc.apply "&"(%arg0) : (!emitc.lvalue<i32>) -> !emitc.ptr<i32>
 
     // Generic form of the same operation.
     %0 = "emitc.apply"(%arg0) {applicableOperator = "&"}
-        : (i32) -> !emitc.ptr<i32>
+        : (!emitc.lvalue<i32>) -> !emitc.ptr<i32>
 
     ```
   }];
   let arguments = (ins
     Arg<StrAttr, "the operator to apply">:$applicableOperator,
-    EmitCType:$operand
+    AnyTypeOf<[EmitCType, EmitC_LValueType]>:$operand
   );
   let results = (outs EmitCType:$result);
   let assemblyFormat = [{
@@ -836,6 +836,35 @@ def EmitC_LogicalOrOp : EmitC_BinaryOp<"logical_or", [CExpression]> {
   let assemblyFormat = "operands attr-dict `:` type(operands)";
 }
 
+def EmitC_LoadOp : EmitC_Op<"load", [
+  TypesMatchWith<"result type matches value type of 'operand'",
+                  "operand", "result",
+                  "::llvm::cast<LValueType>($_self).getValueType()">
+]> {
+  let summary = "Load an lvalue into an SSA value.";
+  let description = [{
+    This operation loads the content of a modifiable lvalue into an SSA value. 
+    Modifications of the lvalue executed after the load are not observable on 
+    the produced value.
+
+    Example:
+
+    ```mlir
+    %1 = emitc.load %0 : !emitc.lvalue<i32>
+    ```
+    ```c++
+    // Code emitted for the operation above.
+    int32_t v2 = v1;
+    ```
+  }];
+
+  let arguments = (ins 
+      Res<EmitC_LValueType, "", [MemRead<DefaultResource, 0, FullEffect>]>:$operand);
+  let results = (outs AnyType:$result);
+
+  let assemblyFormat = "$operand attr-dict `:` type($operand)"; 
+}
+
 def EmitC_MulOp : EmitC_BinaryOp<"mul", [CExpression]> {
   let summary = "Multiplication operation";
   let description = [{
@@ -918,15 +947,15 @@ def EmitC_MemberOp : EmitC_Op<"member"> {
 
     ```mlir
     %0 = "emitc.member" (%arg0) {member = "a"}
-        : (!emitc.opaque<"mystruct">) -> i32
+        : (!emitc.lvalue<!emitc.opaque<"mystruct">>) -> !emitc.lvalue<i32>
     ```
   }];
 
   let arguments = (ins
     Arg<StrAttr, "the member to access">:$member,
-    EmitC_OpaqueType:$operand
+    EmitC_LValueOf<[EmitC_OpaqueType]>:$operand
   );
-  let results = (outs EmitCType);
+  let results = (outs EmitC_LValueOf<[EmitCType]>);
 }
 
 def EmitC_MemberOfPtrOp : EmitC_Op<"member_of_ptr"> {
@@ -939,15 +968,16 @@ def EmitC_MemberOfPtrOp : EmitC_Op<"member_of_ptr"> {
 
     ```mlir
     %0 = "emitc.member_of_ptr" (%arg0) {member = "a"}
-        : (!emitc.ptr<!emitc.opaque<"mystruct">>) -> i32
+        : (!emitc.lvalue<!emitc.ptr<!emitc.opaque<"mystruct">>>)
+        -> !emitc.lvalue<i32>
     ```
   }];
 
   let arguments = (ins
     Arg<StrAttr, "the member to access">:$member,
-    AnyTypeOf<[EmitC_OpaqueType,EmitC_PointerType]>:$operand
+    EmitC_LValueOf<[EmitC_OpaqueType,EmitC_PointerType]>:$operand
   );
-  let results = (outs EmitCType);
+  let results = (outs EmitC_LValueOf<[EmitCType]>);
 }
 
 def EmitC_ConditionalOp : EmitC_Op<"conditional",
@@ -1031,28 +1061,29 @@ def EmitC_VariableOp : EmitC_Op<"variable", []> {
 
     ```mlir
     // Integer variable
-    %0 = "emitc.variable"(){value = 42 : i32} : () -> i32
+    %0 = "emitc.variable"(){value = 42 : i32} : () -> !emitc.lvalue<i32>
 
     // Variable emitted as `int32_t* = NULL;`
     %1 = "emitc.variable"() {value = #emitc.opaque<"NULL">} 
-      : () -> !emitc.ptr<!emitc.opaque<"int32_t">>
+      : () -> !emitc.lvalue<!emitc.ptr<!emitc.opaque<"int32_t">>>
     ```
 
     Since folding is not supported, it can be used with pointers.
     As an example, it is valid to create pointers to `variable` operations
     by using `apply` operations and pass these to a `call` operation.
     ```mlir
-    %0 = "emitc.variable"() {value = 0 : i32} : () -> i32
-    %1 = "emitc.variable"() {value = 0 : i32} : () -> i32
-    %2 = emitc.apply "&"(%0) : (i32) -> !emitc.ptr<i32>
-    %3 = emitc.apply "&"(%1) : (i32) -> !emitc.ptr<i32>
+    %0 = "emitc.variable"() {value = 0 : i32} : () -> !emitc.lvalue<i32>
+    %1 = "emitc.variable"() {value = 0 : i32} : () -> !emitc.lvalue<i32>
+    %2 = emitc.apply "&"(%0) : (!emitc.lvalue<i32>) -> !emitc.ptr<i32>
+    %3 = emitc.apply "&"(%1) : (!emitc.lvalue<i32>) -> !emitc.ptr<i32>
     emitc.call_opaque "write"(%2, %3)
       : (!emitc.ptr<i32>, !emitc.ptr<i32>) -> ()
     ```
   }];
 
   let arguments = (ins EmitC_OpaqueOrTypedAttr:$value);
-  let results = (outs EmitCType);
+  let results = (outs Res<AnyTypeOf<[EmitC_ArrayType, EmitC_LValueType]>, "",
+                          [MemAlloc<DefaultResource, 0, FullEffect>]>);
 
   let hasVerifier = 1;
 }
@@ -1118,11 +1149,12 @@ def EmitC_GetGlobalOp : EmitC_Op<"get_global",
 
      ```mlir
      %x = emitc.get_global @foo : !emitc.array<2xf32>
+     %y = emitc.get_global @bar : !emitc.lvalue<i32>
      ```
   }];
 
   let arguments = (ins FlatSymbolRefAttr:$name);
-  let results = (outs EmitCType:$result);
+  let results = (outs AnyTypeOf<[EmitC_ArrayType, EmitC_LValueType]>:$result);
   let assemblyFormat = "$name `:` type($result) attr-dict";
 }
 
@@ -1172,15 +1204,17 @@ def EmitC_AssignOp : EmitC_Op<"assign", []> {
 
     ```mlir
     // Integer variable
-    %0 = "emitc.variable"(){value = 42 : i32} : () -> i32
+    %0 = "emitc.variable"(){value = 42 : i32} : () -> !emitc.lvalue<i32>
     %1 = emitc.call_opaque "foo"() : () -> (i32)
 
     // Assign emitted as `... = ...;`
-    "emitc.assign"(%0, %1) : (i32, i32) -> ()
+    "emitc.assign"(%0, %1) : (!emitc.lvalue<i32>, i32) -> ()
     ```
   }];
 
-  let arguments = (ins EmitCType:$var, EmitCType:$value);
+  let arguments = (ins 
+      Res<EmitC_LValueType, "", [MemWrite<DefaultResource, 1, FullEffect>]>:$var,
+      EmitCType:$value);
   let results = (outs);
 
   let hasVerifier = 1;
@@ -1276,8 +1310,10 @@ def EmitC_SubscriptOp : EmitC_Op<"subscript", []> {
     ```mlir
     %i = index.constant 1
     %j = index.constant 7
-    %0 = emitc.subscript %arg0[%i, %j] : !emitc.array<4x8xf32>, index, index
-    %1 = emitc.subscript %arg1[%i] : !emitc.ptr<i32>, index
+    %0 = emitc.subscript %arg0[%i, %j] : (!emitc.array<4x8xf32>, index, index)
+           -> !emitc.lvalue<f32>
+    %1 = emitc.subscript %arg1[%i] : (!emitc.ptr<i32>, index)
+           -> !emitc.lvalue<i32>
     ```
   }];
   let arguments = (ins Arg<AnyTypeOf<[
@@ -1286,15 +1322,26 @@ def EmitC_SubscriptOp : EmitC_Op<"subscript", []> {
       EmitC_PointerType]>,
     "the value to subscript">:$value,
     Variadic<EmitCType>:$indices);
-  let results = (outs EmitCType:$result);
+  let results = (outs EmitC_LValueType:$result);
 
   let builders = [
     OpBuilder<(ins "TypedValue<ArrayType>":$array, "ValueRange":$indices), [{
-      build($_builder, $_state, array.getType().getElementType(), array, indices);
+      build(
+        $_builder,
+        $_state,
+        emitc::LValueType::get(array.getType().getElementType()),
+        array,
+        indices
+      );
     }]>,
     OpBuilder<(ins "TypedValue<PointerType>":$pointer, "Value":$index), [{
-      build($_builder, $_state, pointer.getType().getPointee(), pointer,
-            ValueRange{index});
+      build(
+        $_builder,
+        $_state,
+        emitc::LValueType::get(pointer.getType().getPointee()),
+        pointer,
+        ValueRange{index}
+      );
     }]>
   ];
 
@@ -1338,7 +1385,7 @@ def EmitC_SwitchOp : EmitC_Op<"switch", [RecursiveMemoryEffects,
       emitc.yield
     }
     default {
-      %3 = "emitc.variable"(){value = 42.0 : f32} : () -> f32
+      %3 = "emitc.constant"(){value = 42.0 : f32} : () -> f32
       emitc.call_opaque "func2" (%3) : (f32) -> ()
     }
     ```

mlir/include/mlir/Dialect/EmitC/IR/EmitCTypes.td

@@ -84,6 +84,23 @@ def EmitC_ArrayType : EmitC_Type<"Array", "array", [ShapedTypeInterface]> {
   let hasCustomAssemblyFormat = 1;
 }
 
+def EmitC_LValueType : EmitC_Type<"LValue", "lvalue"> {
+  let summary = "EmitC lvalue type";
+
+  let description = [{
+    Values of this type can be assigned to and their address can be taken.
+  }];
+
+  let parameters = (ins "Type":$valueType);
+  let builders = [
+    TypeBuilderWithInferredContext<(ins "Type":$valueType), [{
+      return $_get(valueType.getContext(), valueType);
+    }]>
+  ];
+  let assemblyFormat = "`<` qualified($valueType) `>`";
+  let genVerifyDecl = 1;
+}
+
 def EmitC_OpaqueType : EmitC_Type<"Opaque", "opaque"> {
   let summary = "EmitC opaque type";
 
@@ -129,6 +146,7 @@ def EmitC_PointerType : EmitC_Type<"Pointer", "ptr"> {
     }]>
   ];
   let assemblyFormat = "`<` qualified($pointee) `>`";
+  let genVerifyDecl = 1;
 }
 
 def EmitC_SignedSizeT : EmitC_Type<"SignedSizeT", "ssize_t"> {
@@ -158,4 +176,13 @@ def EmitC_SizeT : EmitC_Type<"SizeT", "size_t"> {
   }];
 }
 
+class EmitC_LValueOf<list<Type> allowedTypes> : 
+  ContainerType<
+    AnyTypeOf<allowedTypes>,
+    CPred<"::llvm::isa<::mlir::emitc::LValueType>($_self)">,
+    "::llvm::cast<::mlir::emitc::LValueType>($_self).getValueType()",
+    "emitc.lvalue",
+    "::mlir::emitc::LValueType"
+  >;
+
 #endif // MLIR_DIALECT_EMITC_IR_EMITCTYPES

mlir/lib/Conversion/MemRefToEmitC/MemRefToEmitC.cpp

@@ -137,12 +137,7 @@ struct ConvertLoad final : public OpConversionPattern<memref::LoadOp> {
     auto subscript = rewriter.create<emitc::SubscriptOp>(
         op.getLoc(), arrayValue, operands.getIndices());
 
-    auto noInit = emitc::OpaqueAttr::get(getContext(), "");
-    auto var =
-        rewriter.create<emitc::VariableOp>(op.getLoc(), resultTy, noInit);
-
-    rewriter.create<emitc::AssignOp>(op.getLoc(), var, subscript);
-    rewriter.replaceOp(op, var);
+    rewriter.replaceOpWithNewOp<emitc::LoadOp>(op, resultTy, subscript);
     return success();
   }
 };

mlir/lib/Conversion/SCFToEmitC/SCFToEmitC.cpp

@@ -63,9 +63,10 @@ static SmallVector<Value> createVariablesForResults(T op,
 
   for (OpResult result : op.getResults()) {
     Type resultType = result.getType();
+    Type varType = emitc::LValueType::get(resultType);
     emitc::OpaqueAttr noInit = emitc::OpaqueAttr::get(context, "");
     emitc::VariableOp var =
-        rewriter.create<emitc::VariableOp>(loc, resultType, noInit);
+        rewriter.create<emitc::VariableOp>(loc, varType, noInit);
     resultVariables.push_back(var);
   }
 
@@ -80,6 +81,14 @@ static void assignValues(ValueRange values, SmallVector<Value> &variables,
     rewriter.create<emitc::AssignOp>(loc, var, value);
 }
 
+SmallVector<Value> loadValues(const SmallVector<Value> &variables,
+                              PatternRewriter &rewriter, Location loc) {
+  return llvm::map_to_vector<>(variables, [&](Value var) {
+    Type type = cast<emitc::LValueType>(var.getType()).getValueType();
+    return rewriter.create<emitc::LoadOp>(loc, type, var).getResult();
+  });
+}
+
 static void lowerYield(SmallVector<Value> &resultVariables,
                        PatternRewriter &rewriter, scf::YieldOp yield) {
   Location loc = yield.getLoc();
@@ -126,15 +135,26 @@ LogicalResult ForLowering::matchAndRewrite(ForOp forOp,
   // Erase the auto-generated terminator for the lowered for op.
   rewriter.eraseOp(loweredBody->getTerminator());
 
+  IRRewriter::InsertPoint ip = rewriter.saveInsertionPoint();
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointToEnd(loweredBody);
+
+  SmallVector<Value> iterArgsValues =
+      loadValues(resultVariables, rewriter, loc);
+
+  rewriter.restoreInsertionPoint(ip);
+
   SmallVector<Value> replacingValues;
   replacingValues.push_back(loweredFor.getInductionVar());
-  replacingValues.append(resultVariables.begin(), resultVariables.end());
+  replacingValues.append(iterArgsValues.begin(), iterArgsValues.end());
 
   rewriter.mergeBlocks(forOp.getBody(), loweredBody, replacingValues);
   lowerYield(resultVariables, rewriter,
              cast<scf::YieldOp>(loweredBody->getTerminator()));
 
-  rewriter.replaceOp(forOp, resultVariables);
+  // Load variables into SSA values after the for loop.
+  SmallVector<Value> resultValues = loadValues(resultVariables, rewriter, loc);
+
+  rewriter.replaceOp(forOp, resultValues);
   return success();
 }
 
@@ -174,7 +194,10 @@ LogicalResult IfLowering::matchAndRewrite(IfOp ifOp,
     lowerRegion(resultVariables, rewriter, elseRegion, loweredElseRegion);
   }
 
-  rewriter.replaceOp(ifOp, resultVariables);
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(ifOp);
+  SmallVector<Value> results = loadValues(resultVariables, rewriter, loc);
+
+  rewriter.replaceOp(ifOp, results);
   return success();
 }
 
@@ -212,7 +235,10 @@ IndexSwitchOpLowering::matchAndRewrite(IndexSwitchOp indexSwitchOp,
   lowerRegion(resultVariables, rewriter, indexSwitchOp.getDefaultRegion(),
               loweredSwitch.getDefaultRegion());
 
-  rewriter.replaceOp(indexSwitchOp, resultVariables);
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(indexSwitchOp);
+  SmallVector<Value> results = loadValues(resultVariables, rewriter, loc);
+
+  rewriter.replaceOp(indexSwitchOp, results);
   return success();
 }