fixed many broken image links and removed a duplicate entry

[LunarEclipseCode]

Note: This is the same as PR #71. However, the previous PR was mistakenly created from the master branch. So, I closed that one and have reopened this PR from the correct branch.

This pull request addresses the following changes to the README:

1. Fixed Broken Image Links

   • Badges Category

     • 9. GitHub Profile Views Counter
     • 15. AOC Badges Action
     • 16. GitHub Badges
     • 17. Discord MD Badge

   • Widgets Category

     • 2. GitHub Readme Stats
     • 3. GitHub Readme Streak Stats
     • 12. GitHub Readme Medium
     • 13. GitHub Readme StackOverflow
     • 15. Readme Jokes
     • 16. GitHub Profile Trophy
     • 19. REHeader
     • 20. Goodreads Readme
     • 21. Readme Typing SVG
     • 28. GitHub Profile Languages
     • 36. GitHub Spray
     • 38. GitHub Readme Quotes
     • 39. Spotify Recently Played Readme
     • 41. GitHub Readme Medium Recent Article
     • 42. GitHub Widgetbox
     • 43. Last.fm Recently Played Readme
     • 48. Cool Readme Profile Items
     • 49. Capsule Render
     • 51. GitHub Contribution Stats
     • 61. TechStack Generator
     • 62. GitHub Achievements
     • 70. Lanyard Profile Readme

2. Removed Duplicate Entry

   • Removed 79. GitHub Readme Medium Recent Article (duplicate of 41. GitHub Readme Medium Recent Article) and djusted the numbering of subsequent entries accordingly.

Please let me know if there are any questions or further improvements needed!